The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (2013) .. edited by Alexander Clark etc
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes on Contributors
Preface
Introduction
Part I: Formal Foundations
1 Formal Language Theory
1 Introduction
2 Basic Notions
3 Language Classes and Linguistic Formalisms
4 Regular Languages
5 Context-Free Languages
6 The Chomsky Hierarchy
7 Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages
8 Further Reading
2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language
1 A Brief Review of Complexity Theory
2 Parsing and Recognition
3 Complexity and Semantics
4 Determining Logical Relationships between Sentences
3 Statistical Language Modeling
1 Introduction to Statistical Language Modeling
2 Structured Language Model
3 Speech Recognition Lattice Rescoring Using the Structured Language Model
4 Richer Syntactic Dependencies
5 Comparison with Other Approaches
6 Conclusion
4 Theory of Parsing
1 Introduction
2 Context-Free Grammars and Recognition
3 Context-Free Parsing
4 Probabilistic Parsing
5 Lexicalized Context-Free Grammars
6 Dependency Grammars
7 Tree Adjoining Grammars
8 Translation
9 Further Reading
Part II: Current Methods
5 Maximum Entropy Models
1 Introduction
2 Maximum Entropy and Exponential Distributions
3 Parameter Estimation
4 Regularization
5 Model Applications
6 Prospects
6 Memory-Based Learning
1 Introduction
2 Memory-Based Language Processing
3 NLP Applications
4 Exemplar-Based Computational Psycholinguistics
5 Generalization and Abstraction
6 Generalizing Examples
7 Further Reading
7 Decision Trees
1 NLP and Classification
2 Induction of Decision Trees
3 NLP Applications
4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Decision Trees
5 Further Reading
8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction
1 Overview
2 Computational Learning Theory
3 Empirical Learning
4 Unsupervised Grammar Induction and Human Language Acquisition
5 Conclusion
9 Artificial Neural Networks
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Contemporary Research
4 Further Reading
10 Linguistic Annotation
1 Introduction
2 Review of Selected Annotation Schemes
3 The Annotation Process
4 Conclusion
11 Evaluation of NLP Systems
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental Concepts
3 Evaluation Paradigms in Common Evaluation Settings
4 Case Study: Evaluation ofWord-Sense Disambiguation
5 Case Study: Evaluation of Question Answering Systems
6 Summary
Part III: Domains of Application
12 Speech Recognition
1 Introduction
2 Acoustic Modeling
3 Search
4 Case Study: The AMI System
5 Current Topics
6 Conclusions
13 Statistical Parsing
1 Introduction
2 History
3 Generative Parsing Models
4 Discriminative Parsing Models
5 Transition-Based Approaches
6 Statistical Parsing with CCG
7 OtherWork
8 Conclusion
14 Segmentation and Morphology
1 Introduction
2 Unsupervised Learning of Words
3 Unsupervised Learning of Morphology
4 Implementing Computational Morphologies
5 Conclusions
15 Computational Semantics
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 State of the Art
4 Research Issues
5 Corpus-Based and Machine Learning Methods
6 Concluding Remarks
16 Computational Models of Dialogue
1 Introduction
2 The Challenges of Dialogue
3 Approaches to Dialogue System Design
4 Interaction and Meaning
5 Extensions
6 Conclusions
17 Computational Psycholinguistics
1 Introduction
2 ComputationalModels of Human Language Processing
3 Symbolic Models
4 Probabilistic Models
5 Connectionist Models of Sentence Processing
6 HybridModels
7 Concluding Remarks
Part IV: Applications
18 Information Extraction
1 Introduction
2 Historical Background
3 Name Extraction
4 Entity Extraction
5 Relation Extraction
6 Event Extraction
7 Concluding Remarks
19 Machine Translation
1 Introduction
2 The State of the Art: Phrase-Based Statistical MT
3 Other Approaches to MT
4 MT Applications
5 Machine Translation at DCU
6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
7 Further Reading
20 Natural Language Generation
1 High-Level Perspective: Making Choices about Language
2 Two NLG Systems: SumTime and SkillSum
3 NLG Choices and Tasks
4 NLG Evaluation
5 Some NLG Research Topics
6 NLG Resources
21 Discourse Processing
1 Discourse: Basic Notions and Terminology
2 Discourse Structure
3 Discourse Coherence
4 Anaphora Resolution
5 Applications
6 Further Reading
22 Question Answering
1 What is Question Answering?
2 Current State of the Art in Open Domain QA
3 Current Directions
4 Further Reading
References
Author Index
Subject Index