Text Normalization & Dialog Systems

Notes:

Text normalization is the process of converting text data into a standard format. It is often used in dialog systems, such as chatbots, to ensure that the system can understand and correctly interpret the user’s input.

Text normalization can involve a variety of tasks, such as:

Tokenization: Splitting the text into smaller units called “tokens,” which can be words, phrases, or symbols.
Case normalization: Converting all text to lowercase or uppercase to ensure that the system is not sensitive to case.
Stemming: Reducing words to their base form (e.g., “running” to “run”) to improve the system’s understanding of language.
Removing punctuation: Removing punctuation marks from the text to improve the system’s understanding of language.
Removing stop words: Removing common words (e.g., “the,” “and,” “but”) that do not convey much meaning, to improve the system’s understanding of language.

Text normalization is an important step in dialog systems because it helps the system understand the user’s input more accurately. Without normalization, the system may have difficulty interpreting the user’s input or may respond inappropriately.

For example, consider a chatbot that is designed to help users find information about a product. Without text normalization, the chatbot might have difficulty understanding a user’s request if it is written in all capital letters or if it contains a lot of punctuation. By normalizing the text, the chatbot can more accurately interpret the user’s request and provide a relevant response.

Wikipedia:

Text normalization

References:

Real-time large vocabulary spontaneous speech recognition for spoken dialog systems [PDF] from zcu.cz J Svec… – Image and Signal Processing (CISP), 2011 …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … input. We present three approaches for extending the recognition vocabulary to ensure the spoken dialog system is able to recognize all entities in the given domain. The colloquial text normalization method is proposed. The … Related articles – All 3 versions

ConQuest: An open-source dialog system for conferences [PDF] from upenn.edu D Bohus, SG Puerto, D Huggins-Daines… – … 2007: The Conference …, 2007 – dl.acm.org … As Figure 1 illustrates, ConQuest is a mixed- initiative spoken dialog system that provides ac- cess to schedule and technical … ing challenges we faced during development were dealing with foreign names and accented charac- ters and performing text normalization on various … Cited by 20 – Related articles – All 55 versions

Voice-enabled dialog system G Di Fabbrizio, DL Dutton, NK Gupta… – US Patent …, 2011 – Google Patents … 1 illustrates the basic components required for human-computer interactive spoken dialog systems 10. … is used to adapt the auto- matic speech recognition module after deployment; (2) a spoken language understanding module that performs text normalization, entity extraction … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 3 versions

System for handling frequently asked questions in a natural language dialog service NK Gupta, MG Rahim, G Riccardi – US Patent 7,197,460, 2007 – Google Patents … the DM 36 with the necessary information to generate a desired action but also it provides some form of text normalization for improv- ing … In an aspect of the present invention, a method extends the capabilities of natural language dialog systems to directly answer users’ specific … Cited by 39 – Related articles – All 2 versions

Language modeling for What-with-Where on GOOG-411 [PDF] from csir.co.za C Heerden, J Schalkwyk… – Tenth Annual Conference of …, 2009 – isca-speech.org … For example most de- ployed dialog systems will prompt callers for what they can say (eg “What city and state?”). … This separation enables both task-specific data selection (location and business), and task- specific text normalization. … Cited by 7 – Related articles – All 8 versions

SYSTEM FOR HANDLING FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS IN A NATURAL LANGUAGE DIALOG SERVICE NK Gupta, MG Rahim… – US Patent App. 12/266,835, 2008 – Google Patents … 12, 2009 4 necessary information to generate a desired action but also it provides some form of text normalization for improving the classification … [0043] In an aspect of the present invention, a method extends the capabilities of natural language dialog systems to directly answer … All 2 versions

Text to speech synthesis J Wouters, C Traber, M Riedi, M Reber… – US Patent …, 2011 – Google Patents … et al. …. 704/268 experts 2002/0013707 A1 1/2002 Shaw et al. 2003/0055641 Al * 3/2003 Yi et al. …. 704/238 18 Claims, 5 Drawing Sheets “W Text –I Text normalisation inguistic Analys’ L is . . . i Linguistic … Related articles – All 4 versions

Speech acts and dialog TTS AK Syrdal, A Conkie, Y Kim… – Seventh ISCA Workshop …, 2010 – isca-speech.org … A dialog system also can convey the intended speech act to a TTS system designed to use speech act information as well as … A TTS front end performs text normalization and syntactic analysis, determines word pronunciation and makes prosodic assignments including phrasing … Cited by 2 – Related articles – All 4 versions

[PDF] Intelligent System Design~ Speech Generation~ [PDF] from naist.jp T Toda – 2011 – isw3.naist.jp … on Monday, don’t you?” • Speech generation is required in some applications, such as spoken dialog systems. Dialog management How to utter? Page 8. An Example in Spoken Dialog System 7 Demo movie of Spoken Dialog Systems group at Cambridge University … Related articles – View as HTML

Slovak language model from internet text data J Staš, D Hládek, M Pleva… – Toward Autonomous, Adaptive, and …, 2011 – Springer … Keywords: Language model, n-grams, speech recognition, spellcheck- ing, text normalization, vocabulary. 1 Introduction The multimodal dialogue system (MMDS) introduces an interaction between the human and computer by various inputs such as speech, writing, face-play … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Visual voice mail to text on the iPhone/iPad A Ljolje, V Goffin, D Caseiro… – … Annual Conference of …, 2011 – isca-speech.org … Unlike most dialog systems, it is not the understanding accuracy that determines if a dialog turn was successfully … the speech recognition system which uses acoustic models, language models and dictionaries; capitalization; punctuation; text normalization and grayscaling … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 2 versions

System and method of spoken language understanding in a spoken dialog service NK Gupta, MG Rahim… – US Patent 7,451,089, 2008 – Google Patents … only helps to provide the DM 36 with the necessary information to generate a desired action but also it provides some form of text normalization for improving … In an aspect of the present invention, a method extends the capabilities of natural language dialog systems to directly … Cited by 9 – Related articles – All 2 versions

On-Demand Language Model Interpolation for Mobile Speech Input [PDF] from cw.com.tw B Ballinger, C Allauzen, A Gruenstein… – … Annual Conference of …, 2010 – isca-speech.org … Basic text normalization was applied to each source, and n- gram models were constructed using Google’s large-scale lan- guage model infrastructure [8]. The Query model is a 3-gram, and all other … [3] W. Xu and A. Rudnicky, “Language modeling for dialog system,” in Proc. … Cited by 7 – Related articles – All 10 versions

Automated directory assistance system-from theory to practice [PDF] from microsoft.com D Yu, YC Ju, YY Wang, G Zweig… – … Annual Conference of …, 2007 – isca-speech.org … 1. Introduction An automated directory assistance system (ADAS) [1] [2] [3] [5] [6] is a spoken dialog system that provides the caller with the phone number and/or address of the business or residential listing he/she requests. … Figure 2: an example FST for text normalization. … Cited by 37 – Related articles – All 9 versions

Front-end architecture for a multi-lingual text-to-speech system M Chu, H Peng… – US Patent 7,496,498, 2009 – Google Patents … Input text /- 400 Language 402 dispatch 41 2 m0dul6 L d tf “” N anguage-1 en 1 Ier |/ 418 Morphological I / 1 I f E I h Text normalization Integrator M … Some applications include spoken dialog systems, call center services, voice-enabled web and e-mail services, to name a few … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 4 versions

[PDF] Three layer conceptual network dialog processor [PDF] from bracuniversity.ac.bd MK Rhaman… – … International Conference on AI and Soft …, 2008 – bracuniversity.ac.bd … The text normalization component is essentially based on using synonyms and other forms of syntactic normalization. … 4.1 Performance evaluation Evaluation of dialog system performance is a complex task and depends on the purpose of the desired dialog metric. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 6 versions

Dialog speech acts and prosody: Considerations for TTS [PDF] from psu.edu AK Syrdal… – Proceedings of Speech Prosody, 2008 – isca-speech.org … In dialog systems, it would be a simple matter to convey the intended speech act to a TTS system de- signed to use that information at … 4.2. Use of speech acts by the TTS front end The front end of a TTS system performs text normalization and syntactic analysis, determines word … Cited by 17 – Related articles – All 14 versions

A voice search approach to replying to SMS messages in automobiles [PDF] from pitt.edu YC Ju… – Tenth Annual Conference of the International …, 2009 – isca-speech.org … [12] S. Mann, A. Berton, & U. Ehrlich, “How to access audio files of large databases using in-car speech dialogue systems,” Proc. … 16] Live Search Mobile: http://livesearchmobile.come [17] YC Ju, & J. Odell, “A language-modeling approach to inverse text normalization and data … Cited by 9 – Related articles – All 9 versions

[PDF] Noisy Text Analytics [PDF] from google.com LV Subramaniam – … : The 2010 Annual Conference of the North …, 2010 – sites.google.com Page 1. Research India Noisy Text Analytics L Venkata Subramaniam Tutorial 01-Jun-2010 Research India Page 2. Tutorial – Noisy Text Analytics Outline ? What is Noise? -Detecting Noise -Classifying Noise -Quantifying Noise ? Processing and/or Correcting Noise … Related articles – View as HTML – All 13 versions

Recurrent neural network classifier for three layer conceptual network and performance evaluation [PDF] from academypublisher.com K Rhaman… – Computer and Information Technology, …, 2008 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … The text normalization component is essentially based on using synonyms and other forms of syntactic normalization. … A. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Evaluation of dialog system performance is a complex task and depends on the purpose of the desired dialog metric. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 17 versions

Model-based customizable adaptation of web applications for vocal browsing [PDF] from cnr.it F Paternò… – Proceedings of the 29th ACM international …, 2011 – dl.acm.org … Fulham appoint Jol as new Manager … User: Repeat Speak again the current dialogue System: Sport. … This feature can be disabled. More fine-grained normalization techniques will be implemented in future versions. For details about text normalization techniques see [17]. … Related articles – All 2 versions

Determining what questions to ask, with the help of spectral graph theory [PDF] from usc.edu A Kazemzadeh, S Lee, PG Georgiou… – … Annual Conference of …, 2011 – isca-speech.org … Other work has looked at dealing with uncertainty in dialog systems regarding automatic speech recognition (ASR) output, which results uncertain knowledge … Table 1: Data processing Preprocessing step Number of questions 0. Raw text 313 1. Text normalization 297 2. Logical … Cited by 3 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Low-Cost Call Type Classification for Contact Center Calls Using Partial Transcripts [PDF] from pitt.edu Y Park, W Teiken… – Tenth Annual Conference of the …, 2009 – isca-speech.org … SVMs for call classification on the spoken language understanding (SLU) component of the the AT&T’s How May I Help You natural dialog system [8, 9 … In this work, we first conduct text normalization to improve the quality of call transcripts to extract more accurate word fea- tures. … Cited by 2 – Related articles – All 7 versions

Recognition of Multiple Language Voice Navigation Queries in Traffic Situations [PDF] from bme.hu G Sárosi, T Mozsolics, B Tarján, A Balog… – Analysis of Verbal and …, 2011 – Springer … 201 language model size a finite state text normalization technique and aggressive language model pruning were applied. With the resulting recognition network around 17% WER was achieved on 10k queries by using 2-pass decoding with lattice rescoring. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Review of Modern Speech Synthesis C Xian-Yi… – Electronics and Signal Processing, 2011 – Springer … of information society, it is required to live up to more and more demands in man-machine interactive, also begin to research man-machine dialogue system. … Zhou, T.: Research on Text normalization and Prosody Structure Prediction in Mandarin Text to Speech System. … Related articles

Language modeling and dialog management for address recognition [PDF] from pitt.edu R Balchandran, L Rachevsky… – Tenth Annual Conference …, 2009 – isca-speech.org … generated pronunci- ations by manually created pronunciations for names, providing alternates for names, (for example, “JFK boulevard” could be expanded to, “John F Kennedy boulevard”) and other forms of text normalization. Additionally, the dialog system could be … Cited by 2 – Related articles – All 4 versions

[PDF] Exploiting text for extracting image processing resources [PDF] from tue.nl G Grefenstette, F Debili, C Fluhr… – 2009 – vca.ele.tue.nl … We decided to explore whether we can use a web probing technique and simple text normalization tools to see if we could identify which objects are most likely to occur in a kitchen. … 375-382 Jokinen, K. (2003). Natural Interaction in Spoken Dialogue Systems. … Related articles – View as HTML – All 17 versions

Adaptation Techniques for Speech Synthesis in Under-Resourced Languages [PDF] from cmu.edu GK Anumanchipalli… – Spoken Languages Technologies …, 2010 – isca-speech.org … 1. INTRODUCTION In today’s digital age, there is an increasing use and acceptance of text-to-speech(TTS) technologies in the internet, mobile phones and dialogue systems. … Text-normalization and letter-to-sound(LTS) rules are ap- plied on the transcription. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Effects of word confusion networks on voice search [PDF] from aclweb.org J Feng… – Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the …, 2009 – dl.acm.org … The dialog system solicits from the user a LocationTerm in the first turn followed by a SearchTerm in the second turn (Wang et al., 2008 … Lastly, we prefer to reuse an existing local search engine http://www.yellowpages.com/, in which many text normalization, task specific tun- ing … Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 10 versions

[BOOK] Perception in Multimodal Dialogue Systems: 4th IEEE Tutorial and Research Workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based … E André – 2008 – books.google.com … 1 Anton Batliner Multimodal and Spoken Dialogue Systems A Generic Spoken Dialogue Manager Applied to an Interactive 2D Game … 44 Martin Raab, Rainer Gruhn, and Elmar Noeth Evaluating Text normalization for Speech-Based Media Selection….. … Library Search – All 3 versions

Speech and language processing over the web M Gilbert… – Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 2008 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … Research in multiple pronunci- ations and text normalization of Web content remains in its infancy. … Unlike traditional call center dialog systems that rely on voice input/output alone for interaction, mobile devices provide a visual interface and support interaction using both voice … Cited by 9 – Related articles – BL Direct – All 2 versions

Spoken language understanding that incorporates prior knowledge into boosting H Alshawi, G DiFabrizzio, NK Gupta… – US Patent …, 2008 – Google Patents … Thus, the FIG. 1 arrangement comprises a text normalization module 10 that is responsive to an applied input utterance (converted to text), an entity extraction module 20 responsive to module 10, and a classifier 30 responsive to module 20 for parsing out named entities. … Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 2 versions

Evaluating text normalization for speech-based media selection M Pfeil, D Buehler, R Gruhn… – … in Multimodal Dialogue Systems, 2008 – Springer In this paper, we present an approach how to evaluate text normalization for multi-lingual speech-based dialogue systems. The application of text normalization occurs within the task of music selection, which imposes several important and novel requirements on its … Cited by 1 – Related articles – BL Direct – All 4 versions

Text to speech synthesis J Wouters, C Traber, M Riedi… – EP Patent …, 2008 – freepatentsonline.com … The text normalisation step converts special characters, numbers, abbreviations, etc. into full words. … The different realisations can be useful by themselves, for example in the case of a dialog system where a sentence is repeated, but exact playback would sound unnatural. … Related articles – Cached – All 2 versions

Optimizing speech naturalness in voice user interface design: A weakly-supervised approach ME Ekpenyong – Information and Communication …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … fairness). They pay specific attention to the South African situation, while discussing the provision of a basic telecom-dialog system. Hence … conversions. Text normalization is the transformation of texts into pronounceable forms. Its … Related articles

[PDF] Natural Language Processing techniques in Text-To-Speech synthesis and Automatic Speech Recognition [PDF] from atrilla.net A Trilla – 2009 – atrilla.net … Thus this process consecutes the Text normalization. … speech through the spotlight- ing addition of automatic summarization including indexing, which extracts the gist of the speech tran- scriptions in order to deal with Information Retrieval (IR) and dialogue system issues. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 5 versions

[PDF] NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORKS IN SPEECH TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: SEARCH SPACE REDUCTION AND PROSODIC MODELING J. … [PDF] from geintra-uah.org R SAN-SEGUNDO… – … Automation and Soft …, 2009 – geintra-uah.org … Text normalization Grapheme To phoneme conversion Natural Language Processing Module Morphological and syntactic analysis Text … Speech Phoneme transcription Text normalization Grapheme To phoneme conversion Natural Language Processing Module … Related articles – View as HTML – All 11 versions

19. Basic Principles of Speech Synthesis J Schroeter – Springer handbook of speech processing, 2008 – books.google.com … It provides document structure detection and text normalization, interprets text markup, and performs a linguistic analysis to produce what amounts to tagged text that then undergoes phonetic analysis to create phone-based information, and prosodic analysis to de- termine pitch … Cited by 10 – Related articles

Spoken Language Interfaces for Embedded Applications D Burileanu – Human Factors and Voice Interactive Systems, 2008 – Springer … The few existing commercial spoken dialogue systems are based mainly on the so- called user-initiated model (or directed dialogue), in … Several simplifications were proposed to obtain a low-resource system: rule-based processing for text normalization and letter-to-phone … Cited by 5 – Related articles

[PDF] Implementation of a Text-to-Speech System with Machine Learning Algorithms in Turkish [PDF] from fatih.edu.tr Z Görmez – 2009 – nlp.ceng.fatih.edu.tr … that low-level voice synthesizer is capable to produce the acoustic output (Lemmety, 1999). Text normalization step subsumes sentence segmentation, tokenizing, and … Spoken dialog system, is a dialog system delivered through voice. It has two … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML

Towards high-quality next-generation text-to-speech synthesis: A multidomain approach by automatic domain classification F Alías, X Sevillano, JC Socoró… – Audio, Speech, and …, 2008 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … im- plementation of the TTS system, knowing the domain of the input text allows to: 1) help in the text normalization process (eg, if … of interaction, eg, different destinations in call routing, several topics in translation systems, or different subdomains in complex dialog systems [28]. … Cited by 6 – Related articles – All 3 versions

[PDF] CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF THE SPEECH UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER SYSTEM [PDF] from vgtu.lt R Kasimbeyli, C Dinçer… – 2010 – leidykla.vgtu.lt … may be brought to bear both in understanding and recovery [3]. A major goal of the articlle is the development of an intelligent co-operative dialogue system. … Text normalization methods handle the problems, including abbreviations and acronyms: Example 1: “I live in Sh. … Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

Back-end database reorganization for application-specific concatenative text-to-speech systems S Kunzmann… – EP Patent 1,736,963, 2008 – freepatentsonline.com … For that purpose, a linguistic front-end component 12 of system 10 performs text normalization, text-to-phone unit conversion (baseform generation … changes made to existing applications (eg a re-design of the prompts to be generated by a conversational dialog system), in prior … Related articles – Cached

Speech Processing T Dutoit… – 2010 – books.google.com … Con?dence measures are also extremely useful in dialogue systems, potentially guiding it towards a less frustrating experience, especially when there … A preprocessing (or text normalisation) module is necessary as a front-end because TTS systems should in principle be able … Related articles – All 5 versions

Designing help topics for use with text-to-speech A Kehoe… – Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM international …, 2006 – dl.acm.org … A speech synthesis engine will apply its own rules for prosody, pronunciation and text normalization. Use … communication. We are exploring using elements of interactive spoken dialog systems [24] to optimize speech output. … Cited by 18 – Related articles – All 3 versions

[CITATION] ACL 2007: proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, June 23-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic Association for Computational Linguistics. … – 2007 – Association for Computational … Related articles – All 2 versions

Adaptation of voice sever to automotive environment [PDF] from upc.edu D Salinas Vila – 2011 – upcommons.upc.edu … provide a context for all later processes. In addition, some elements of document structure, such as sentence breaking and paragraph segmentation, may have direct implications for prosody. • Text normalization-Text normalization is the conversion from the variety … Related articles – All 8 versions

Automatic Speech Recognition for ageing voices [PDF] from ed.ac.uk R Vipperla – 2011 – era.lib.ed.ac.uk … Springer, 2009. (Chapter 4) • Maria Wolters, Ravichander Vipperla, and Steve Renals. Age Recognition for Spoken Dialogue Systems: Do We Need It? In Proceedings of Interspeech, Brighton, 2009. (Chapter 7) • Ravichander Vipperla, Steve Renals, and Joe Frankel. … Related articles – All 5 versions

Highly accurate children’s speech recognition for interactive reading tutors using subword units A Hagen, B Pellom… – Speech Communication, 2007 – Elsevier … This initial system utilizes a trigram language model constructed from a normalized version of the story text. Text normalization consists primarily of punctuation removal and determination of sentence-like units. For example, the following three sentences from an Interactive Book … Cited by 28 – Related articles – All 7 versions

The subspace Gaussian mixture model–A structured model for speech recognition [PDF] from cvut.cz D Povey, L Burget, M Agarwal, P Akyazi… – Computer Speech & …, 2011 – Elsevier … Figures/Tables. Figures/Tables – selected. References. References – selected. Computer Speech & Language Volume 25, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 404-439 Language and speech issues in the engineering of companionable dialogue systems. … Cited by 16 – Related articles – All 8 versions

Index-based incremental language model for scalable directory assistance A Moreno-Daniel, J Wilpon… – Speech Communication, 2011 – Elsevier … 1. Introduction Voice search enables an informational spoken dialog system (SDS) to find a ranked list of database entries relevant to an … of the overall language and a 2 These cases, however, can be prevented and handled with proper text normalization techniques [38]. … Related articles – All 2 versions

Web resources for language modeling in conversational speech recognition I Bulyko, M Ostendorf, M Siu, T Ng… – ACM Transactions on …, 2007 – dl.acm.org … In most of these texts, the style is more formal and more coherent than conversational speech, and the transcripts are in written form so they require text normalization (eg, for numbers in both languages, and for abbreviations in English). … Cited by 33 – Related articles – All 3 versions

[PDF] Building Ubiquitous and Robust Speech and Natural Language Interfaces I [PDF] from postech.ac.kr GG Lee… – … on Intelligent User Interfaces: Proceedings of …, 2007 – isoft.postech.ac.kr … Automatic Speech Recognition – (Spoken) Language Understanding • PART-II: Technology of Spoken Dialog Systems (80min) – Spoken Dialog Systems – Dialog Management – Dialog Studio … Page 30. 30 IUI 2007 tutorial Spoken Dialog System ASR SLU DM RG Models, … View as HTML – All 5 versions

SEARCHING A DATABASE OF LISTINGS YY Wang, D Yu, YC Ju, A Acero… – US Patent App. 11/ …, 2007 – Google Patents … [0002] An automated directory assistance (DA) system is typically a spoken dialog system that provides a caller with the phone number and/or address of a desired business … [0006] Yet another source of errors is due to inconsistent text normalization for listings in the database. … Cited by 3 – Related articles – All 2 versions

Embodied conversational agents in Wizard-of-Oz and multimodal interaction applications [PDF] from pp.ua M Rojc, T Rotovnik, M Brus, D Jan… – Verbal and Nonverbal …, 2007 – Springer … implementations of embodied conversational agents in human-computer interaction are discussed: Wizard-of-Oz and multimodal dialogue system. … 6, the following language resources are needed: regular expressions for tokenizer construction and text normalisation, a large list … Related articles – BL Direct – All 4 versions

[PDF] Feasibility Study for Integration ASR Services for Czech with IBM VoiceServer [PDF] from rdc.cz BJ Dolezal… – 2009 – rdc.cz … 11 1.1.4 Text normalization . . . . . … If declared, this settings touches closely many synthetic aspects such as text normalization (see subsection 1.1.4), so national-specific date, time and other rules will be affected. 10 Page 13. 1.1.3 Text Structure 1.1.3.1 s and p Element … Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

Principles of electronic speech processing with applications for people with disabilities K Fellbaum… – Technology and Disability, 2008 – IOS Press … explained. Then, a speech-based human-computer dialogue system is discussed. … on. Most of these special cases can be managed by a text normalization module, which includes a text pre-processor and an abbreviation dictionary. … Cited by 13 – Related articles

Webtalk: Towards Automatically Building Spoken Dialog Systems Through Miningwebsites [PDF] from difabbrizio.com J Feng, D Hakkani-Tur, G Di Fabbrizio… – … , Speech and Signal …, 2006 – ieeexplore.ieee.org Page 1. WEBTALK: TOWARDS AUTOMATICALLY BUILDING SPOKEN DIALOG SYSTEMS THROUGH MINING WEBSITES … We present an evaluation study of a WebTalk spoken dialog system that has been instantiated on a telecom company website. … Cited by 3 – Related articles – All 5 versions

[PDF] SEARCHING A WEBSITE VIA SPOKEN QUESTIONS [PDF] from boun.edu.tr M Durukal – 2011 – busim.ee.boun.edu.tr … organizations. Recently, people can encounter spoken dialog systems in different applications and forms in various sectors, substituting call centers. However, most commercially available dialog systems are finite state based. That is to say, these systems allow only … Related articles – View as HTML

[PDF] Strategies for Teaching “Mixed” Computational Linguistics classes [PDF] from aclweb.org E Fosler-Lussier – The Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching …, 2008 – aclweb.org … 8 Speech Synthesis Speaker Recognition Group discussion on a speaker recognition and verification tutorial paper (Campbell, 1997) 9 Spoken Dialogue Systems Quiz; General … 7 Text normalization of times, dates, money, addresses, phone numbers, course numbers. … Related articles – View as HTML – All 13 versions

Multilingual Text-to-Speech System for Mobile Devices: Development and Applications [PDF] from tut.fi K Pärssinen – … teknillinen yliopisto. Julkaisu-Tampere University of …, 2007 – dspace.cc.tut.fi … A multilingual rule-based number expansion framework is proposed in the thesis. The framework is also extended to cover ad- ditional text normalization tasks. The thesis also presents a text-to-speech frame- work that has been successfully localized for over 40 languages. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – Library Search – All 2 versions

Thai speech processing technology: A review [PDF] from nectec.or.th C Wutiwiwatchai… – speech communication, 2007 – Elsevier … Spoken dialogue systems; 6.2. … In addition to the basic research already described, advanced applications of speech, such as a spoken dialogue system ( [116] and [147] ) and a speech-to-speech translation system (Schultz et al., 2004) have also been attempted. … Cited by 23 – Related articles – All 6 versions

Spoken language understanding that incorporates prior knowledge into boosting H Alshawi, G DiFabbrizio, NK Gupta… – US Patent …, 2006 – Google Patents … Thus, the FIG. 1 arrangement comprises a text normalization module 10 that is responsive to an applied input utterance (converted to text), an entity extraction module 20 responsive to module 10, and a classifier 30 responsive to module 20 for parsing out named entities. … Cited by 6 – Related articles – All 4 versions

[PDF] Methods for Evaluating a Natural Language Call Routing Application [PDF] from uu.se PE Malmström – 2010 – stp.ling.uu.se … 2.1.1 Call Routing . . . . . 5 2.2 Spoken Dialogue System Evaluation . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Call Routing Evaluation . . . . . … Their solutions are all based on Nuance’s natural language understanding software. 2.2 Spoken Dialogue System Evaluation … Related articles – View as HTML – All 4 versions

Contributions to Multilingual Low-Footprint TTS System for Hand-Held Devices [PDF] from tut.fi M Moberg – … teknillinen yliopisto. Julkaisu-Tampere University of …, 2007 – dspace.cc.tut.fi … The linguistic knowledge is necessary in providing text normalization, syntactic analysis, and modeling of pronunciation and prosody. … This text-normalization task is aimed to provide voice information during physical exercise (speed, duration, energy consumption etc.). … Related articles – Library Search – All 2 versions

Machine learning for the New York City power grid [PDF] from umd.edu C Rudin, D Waltz, R Anderson… – Pattern Analysis …, 2012 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … Page 6. structured or unstructured data), information extraction, text normalization, using overlapping data to find incon- sistencies, and inferring related or duplicated records. Statistics can be used to assess whether data are missing, and for sanity checks on inferential joins. … Cited by 7 – Related articles – All 13 versions

[PDF] Automatic Methods for Building Speech Synthesis Corpora [PDF] from inesc-id.pt SMGF Paulo – 2009 – l2f.inesc-id.pt Page 1. UNIVERSIDADE T ´ECNICA DE LISBOA INSTITUTO SUPERIOR T ´ECNICO Automatic Methods for Building Speech Synthesis Corpora Sérgio Manuel Gaspar Ferreira Paulo (Licenciado) Dissertaç˜ao para obtenç˜ao do Grau de Doutor em … View as HTML – All 2 versions

Language Modeling for limited-data domains [PDF] from mit.edu JR Glass, BJ Hsu – 2009 – dspace.mit.edu … In a collaborative environment like Wikipedia, over half of the edits are made by less than 0.7% of the registered users [147]. Similarly, we also expect a small fraction of enthusiasts of such a feedback-driven spoken dialog system to contribute the majority of the training data. … Related articles – All 3 versions

Information state based speech recognition [PDF] from gu.se R Jonson – rapport nr.: Gothenburg Monographs in Linguistics 41, 2010 – gupea.ub.gu.se … One of the pitfalls in spoken dialogue systems is the brittleness of automatic speech recognition (ASR). ASR systems often misrecognize user input and they are unreliable when it comes to judging their own performance. … 1.1 Why is speech so difficult for dialogue systems? … Related articles – Library Search – All 7 versions

Back-end database reorganization for application-specific concatenative text-to-speech systems V Fischer… – US Patent App. 11/416,217, 2006 – Google Patents … For that purpose, a linguistic front-end component 12 of system 10 performs text normalization, text-to-phone unit conversion (baseform generation), and … made to existing applica- tions (eg a re-design of the prompts to be generated by a conversational dialog system), in prior art … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 2 versions

Context-Dependent Pre-trained Deep Neural Networks for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition [PDF] from utoronto.ca G Dahl, D Yu, L Deng… – Audio, Speech, and …, 2010 – ieeexplore.ieee.org Page 1. Copyright (c) 2011 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, Permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org. This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. … Cited by 8 – Related articles – All 7 versions

[PDF] Language Modeling for Limited-Data Domains [PDF] from mit.edu BJP Hsu – 2009 – groups.csail.mit.edu … In a collaborative environment like Wikipedia, over half of the edits are made by less than 0.7% of the registered users [147]. Similarly, we also expect a small fraction of enthusiasts of such a feedback-driven spoken dialog system to contribute the majority of the training data. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – Library Search – All 2 versions

[PDF] Machine Learning for the New York City Power Grid [PDF] from mit.edu PN Gross, B Huang, S Ierome, DF Isaac… – … ON PATTERN ANALYSIS …, 2012 – mit.edu … Page 6. structured or unstructured data), information extraction, text normalization, using overlapping data to find incon- sistencies, and inferring related or duplicated records. Statistics can be used to assess whether data are missing, and for sanity checks on inferential joins. … Related articles – View as HTML

[PDF] EDICS Categories for IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing [PDF] from 203.99.57.182 S PROCESSING – 2006 – 203.99.57.182 … metrics in synthesis Tools and data for speech synthesis Text processing for speech synthesis (text normalization, syntactic and … SLP-SSMD Spoken and Multimodal Dialog Systems and Applications Spoken and multimodal dialog systems, applications, and architectures … View as HTML

[PDF] Text-to-Speech Synthesis: A Prototype System for Croatian Language [PDF] from srce.hr RSZATH GOVORA – Eng. Rev, 2008 – hrcak.srce.hr … Ta je metoda tvorbe govora vrlo fleksibilna što se tice A text analysis module processes the input text, transcribing numbers, symbols, acronyms and other elements that cannot be unambiguously pronounced into words. This is called text normalization. For example, “2. sv. … Cited by 9 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 2 versions

[PDF] TTS From Zero Building Synthetic Voices for New Languages [PDF] from cmu.edu J Kominek – 2009 – lti.cs.cmu.edu … David Huggins- Danes to explain the inner workings of Sphinx stands out. Dan Bohus and Antoine Raux engaged in great dialogs about dialog systems. As a visiting researcher several years ago, Marelie Davel was a frequent … Cited by 3 – Related articles – View as HTML – Library Search – All 5 versions

[PDF] Natural Language Descriptions of Emotion [PDF] from usc.edu A Kazemzadeh – 2011 – sail.usc.edu … Activation is one component in the model described in 3.3, which also includes valence and dominance. Furthermore, evaluation of a user’s satisfaction when using a dialog system often uses a Likert scale survey. User satisfaction can be seen as a measure of valence. … Related articles – View as HTML

[BOOK] Advances in speech recognition: mobile environments, call centers and clinics A Neustein – 2010 – books.google.com … devices, Mike Cohen’s team from Google has enhanced every step of the recognition pro- cess, from text normalization and acoustic … based conversational agents led to significant improvements in the effectiveness and performance of an interactive spoken dialog system in a … Cited by 2 – Related articles – Library Search – All 3 versions

Prosody modelling using machine learning techniques for neutral and emotional speech synthesis [PDF] from upatras.gr ? ?a?a??d?? – 2011 – nemertes.lis.upatras.gr … 3 List of Figures Fig. 1.1 The general diagram of the speech communication chain (Denes and Pinson, 1993)……….11 Fig. 1.2 The general block diagram of a dialog system……………12 Fig. … by dialog systems (Mporas, 2009). … Related articles

Hybrid Speech Synthesizer, Method and Use G Marple, N Chandra – US Patent App. 11/909,514, 2006 – Google Patents … 14, 2008 Sheet 3 of 8 US 2008/0195391 Al PROSOniC TEXT PARSING TEXT normalization 30 __Jt PART-OF-SPEECH TAGGING 32 r SYNTACTIC / ANALYSIS 34 MEANING ASSIGNMENT 36 r PROSODIC CONTEXT IDENTIFICATION 38 * PROSODICALLY PARSED … Cited by 2 – Related articles – All 2 versions

[PDF] Theory and Applications of Similarity Detection Techniques [PDF] from iicm.edu B Zaka – 2009 – iicm.edu Page 1. Dissertation in fulfillment of the requirements for the academic degree Doctor of Technical Sciences (Dr. Techn.) in Computer Science Submitted by Bilal Zaka Institute for Information Systems and Computer Media (IICM … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 13 versions

Data-driven augmentation of pronunciation dictionaries [TXT] from sun.ac.za L Loots – 2010 – scholar.sun.ac.za … The applications of speech synthesis are manifold. Possibly the most widely used applica- tion at present is in automated dialogue systems such as those found in customer call centres. … Text normalisation Text normalisation consists of three separate processes, namely sen- … Related articles – All 5 versions

[PDF] Automatic sentence structure annotation for spoken language processing [PDF] from psu.edu DL Hillard – 2008 – Citeseer Page 1. Automatic Sentence Structure Annotation for Spoken Language Processing Dustin Lundring Hillard A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2008 … Cited by 7 – Related articles – View as HTML – Library Search – All 14 versions

[CITATION] Speech processing for IP networks: Media resource control protocol (MRCP) D Burke – 2007 – Wiley Cited by 7 – Related articles – Library Search – All 6 versions

Data preparation for biomedical knowledge domain visualization: a probabilistic record linkage and information fusion approach to citation data [PDF] from 144.118.25.24 MB Synnestvedt – 2007 – 144.118.25.24 … A search of the online Bluesheets documentation for the DIALOG system indicated DOI availability only in non-medical databases (primarily engineering fields), and PII availability in the SCISEARCH and SOCIAL SCISEARCH databases from June, 2003 forward. … Cited by 2 – Related articles – Library Search – All 7 versions

[PDF] Scalable graph-based learning applied to human language technology [PDF] from erdani.com A Alexandrescu – 2009 – erdani.com … through the fabric of our society. Speech interfaces for automated phone dialog systems not only … Scripts of such languages have a lot of variation, which requires extensive text normalization and therefore further slows down data acquisition; • dialects and vernacular languages; … Related articles – View as HTML – Library Search – All 6 versions

Impact of different speech interfaces of personal devices on users’ perception [PDF] from researchgateway.ac.nz M Wadea – 2011 – aut.researchgateway.ac.nz Page 1. IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SPEECH INTERFACES OF PERSONAL DEVICES ON USERS’ PERCEPTION Mazen Wadea A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of … Related articles

[PDF] Speech Synthesis [PDF] from psu.edu R Sharma – 2006 – Citeseer Page 1. SPEECH SYNTHESIS A Thesis report submitted towards the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Electronics Instrumentation &Control) Submitted by: Ritu Sharma Roll No. 8044214 Under Esteemed Guidance: … Related articles – View as HTML – All 4 versions

[PDF] Statistical morphological disambiguation with application to disambiguation of pronunciations in Turkish [PDF] from psu.edu M Külekci – 2006 – Citeseer … used in different steps of a TTS system. Besides the segmentation, tokenization, and text normalization issues, NLP is especially beneficial in generating the correct … the verb read is in present or past tense. Text normalization is a crucial step while building a TTS system. … Cited by 2 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 6 versions

[PDF] A Machine Learning Approach to Anaphora Resolution Including Named Entity Recognition, PP Attachment Disambiguation, and Animacy Detection [PDF] from psu.edu A Nøklestad – 2009 – Citeseer Page 1. A Machine Learning Approach to Anaphora Resolution Including Named Entity Recognition, PP Attachment Disambiguation, and Animacy Detection Anders Nøklestad May 7, 2009 Page 2. 2 For my parents, Randi and Hans Olaf Page 3. Contents 1 Introduction 13 … Cited by 2 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 4 versions

Human-robot interface: Issues in operator performance, interface design, and technologies [PDF] from dtic.mil JY Chen, EC Haas, K Pillalamarri… – 2006 – DTIC Document Page 1. Human-Robot Interface: Issues in Operator Performance, Interface Design, and Technologies by Jessie YC Chen, Ellen C. Haas, Krishna Pillalamarri, and Catherine N. Jacobson ARL-TR-3834 July 2006 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Page 2. … Cited by 10 – Related articles – All 4 versions

Analisi di un corpus di titoli di giornale: un confronte tra stratégie STR Gonella… – JADT’06: actes des 8es Journées …, 2006 – books.google.com Page 375. Analisi di un corpus di titoli di giornale: un confronte tra stratégie Stefano Tartaglia. Raffaella Gonella, Chiara Rollero Dipartimento di Psicologia, Université degli Studi di Torino Via Verdi 10, 10124 Torino-Italia tartagli@ psych. unito. …