TreeTagger & Dialog Systems

Notes:

TreeTagger is a tool for annotating text with part-of-speech and lemma information, as well as other linguistic annotations. It is a widely used tool in natural language processing research and has been applied to a wide range of languages. The TreeTagger was developed by Helmut Schmid at the Institute for Computational Linguistics of the University of Stuttgart, and it is available as a free, open-source software package. To use the TreeTagger, you need to provide it with a text file and a language-specific configuration file that specifies the part-of-speech tags and lemma forms for the language you are working with. The TreeTagger then produces an annotated version of the text, with each word in the text being tagged with its part-of-speech and lemma form. This annotated text can then be used for various natural language processing tasks, such as information retrieval, machine translation, and text summarization.

The TreeTagger can be used in dialog systems to perform part-of-speech tagging and lemmatization of the user’s input. This can be useful for a variety of purposes, such as determining the main verb or noun in a user’s input, identifying the tense of a verb, or normalizing the form of a word to its base form (lemmatization). For example, if a user inputs the sentence “I am going to the store,” the TreeTagger could be used to tag the words as follows:

I – pronoun
am – verb
going – verb
to – preposition
the – determiner
store – noun

The lemma forms of the words could also be determined, with “be” being the lemma form of “am” and “go” being the lemma form of “going.”

In a dialog system, this annotated input could then be used to help the system understand the meaning of the user’s input and generate an appropriate response. For example, if the dialog system is designed to help users plan trips, the annotated input could be used to identify that the user is expressing an intention to go to a location (the store) and to determine the tense of the verb “going” (present continuous). Based on this information, the system could generate a response such as “Where do you want to go?” or “What do you need to buy at the store?”

Pattern generator is a tool that extracts patterns from source and target text in natural language processing tasks. It is used to close the gap between the formal target structure and the source structure.

Resources:

Data2Text .. Data2Text Limited is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Arria NLG plc.
PatientGeneSys .. e-learning platform for the creation of clinical cases in a 3D environment
TreeTagger .. a language independent part-of-speech tagger

Wikipedia:

Part-of-speech tagging

References:

Advanced Applications of Natural Language Processing for Performing Information Extraction (2015)

Towards finding and fixing fragments: Using ML to identify non-sentential utterances and their antecedents in multi-party dialogue D Schlangen – Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on …, 2005 – dl.acm.org … Finally, we automatically an- notated all utterances with part-of-speech tags, us- ing TreeTagger (Schmid, 1994), which we’ve trained on the switchboard corpus of spoken lan- guage (Godfrey et al., 1992), because it contains, just like our corpus, speech disfluencies.6 We now … Cited by 11 Related articles All 18 versions

Modeling human interaction to design a human-computer dialog system A Loisel, N Chaignaud, JP Kotowicz – arXiv preprint arXiv:0911.5652, 2009 – arxiv.org … This theory is more descriptive than predictive and thus is difficult to integrate into a dialog system. … It performs a lexical and syntactical analysis (using TreeTagger (Schmid, 1994) from Stuttgart University), a pragmatic analysis (from our speech act analyzer, which uses linguistic … Cited by 1 Related articles All 7 versions

Designing an intelligent dialogue system for serious games F Dernoncourt – 2012 – researchgate.net … Source: (De Pietro et al. 2005) Page 3. Designing an intelligent dialogue system for serious games 3 … To our knowledge, there are only four directly in operational Cordial Analyzer, Tagg LIA, Stanford Tagger (available in French since January 6, 2012) and TreeTagger. … Cited by 2 Related articles All 4 versions

Generic natural language command interpretation in ontology-based dialogue systems L Mazuel, N Sabouret – Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM …, 2006 – dl.acm.org … the chosen approaches in ECA mostly rely on ad-hoc pattern matching without semantic analysis [1]. The dialogue system community, on … into an English sentence, based on [4]. 3http://opennlp. sourceforge.net/ 4We preferred OpenNLP to the widely-used TreeTagger for compati … Cited by 1 Related articles All 9 versions

Simultaneous dialog act segmentation and classification from human-human spoken conversations S Quarteroni, AV Ivanov… – Acoustics, Speech and …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … an ei- ther positive or negative polarity regardless of a specific context 6available at: www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/ corplex/TreeTagger/ 5598 Page 4. 5.3. Experiments on ASR transcriptions The greatest challenge of DA classification in Spoken Dialog Systems is dealing … Cited by 18 Related articles All 5 versions

Towards a hybrid NLG system for Data2Text in Portuguese JC Pereira, A Teixeira, JS Pinto – Information Systems and …, 2015 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … BAGEL – was presented in [7]. It is designed to produce natural utterances within a large dialogue system domain. Another purpose is minimizing the development effort. … Experiences were made with TreeTagger [11] and Stanford Parser [12]. … Cited by 1

Designing a Human-Computer Dialog System for Medical Information Search A Loisel, N Chaignaud, JP Kotowicz – Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/WIC …, 2007 – dl.acm.org … This theory is more descriptive than predictive and thus is difficult to integrate into a dialog system. … It performs a lexical and syntactical analysis (TreeTagger – Stuttgart Univ.), a pragmatic analysis (from our speech act analyzer which uses linguistic tags to assign speech acts to … Related articles All 7 versions

Using Paraphrases and Lexical Semantics to Improve the Accuracy and the Robustness of Supervised Models in Situated Dialogue Systems C Gardent, LMR Barahona – Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural …, 2013 – hal.inria.fr … || quit (Good Luck !) Dialog Systems For our experiments, we use a hy- brid dialog system similar to that described in (Ro- jas Barahona et al., 2012b; Rojas Barahona and Gardent, 2012). … 3. http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/ corplex/TreeTagger/ 809 Page 4. … Cited by 1 Related articles All 10 versions

Description of the PatientGenesys Dialogue System LCDBE Bilinski, AL Ligozat, PZS Rosset… – 16th Annual Meeting of …, 2015 – aclweb.org … The third one concerns the design of a core dialogue system that will be able to address dialogues of new clinical cases … consists of the following steps: • Tokenization, normalization, downcasing, and Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging with the French TreeTagger (Schmid, 1995). …

Ontology-based pattern generator and root semantic analyser for spoken dialogue systems Y Benahmed, S Selouani… – Electrical & Computer …, 2012 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … In this paper, we present an effective framework for generat- ing patterns from root semantical patterns for use with an interac- tive spoken dialog system belonging to the third category, using a … In our application, the part of speech tagging operation is done with TreeTagger [14]. … Related articles All 3 versions

Generic command interpretation algorithms for conversational agents L Mazuel, N Sabouret – Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM international …, 2006 – dl.acm.org … However, the chosen approaches mostly rely on ad-hoc pattern matching without semantic analysis [2]. The dialogue system community, on the other hand, proposes to use ontologies to improve genericity [10, 15]. … Similarly, we preferred OpenNLP to the TreeTagger (http://www … Cited by 19 Related articles All 13 versions

Human language technology for text-based analysis of psychotherapy sessions in the spanish language H Saggion, E Stein-Sparvieri, D Maldavsky… – Proceedings of the …, 2010 – dl.acm.org … For example, in dialogue systems (Allen et 34 Page 4. … 4.2 Programs for Interviews’ Interpretation The following programs used for the automatic analysis of the interviews. • A wrapper to the TreeTagger parts of speech package (Schmid, 1995) (See http://www. … Cited by 1 Related articles All 15 versions

SYN! BAD: A Synonym-Based Regular Expression Extension For Knowledge Extraction Task. O ?ERBAN – Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Informatica, 2014 – search.ebscohost.com … Key words and phrases. Knowledge Extraction, Dialogue Systems, Regular Expressions. 5 Page 2. 6 OVIDIU SERBAN … For French one of the most common used tag set is the TreeTagger Part-of-Speech Tags Page 5. SYN!BAD 9 … Related articles

Natural language processing for ambient intelligence I Gurevych, M Mühlhäuser – Künstliche …, 2007 – tk.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de … Part-of-speech taggers, eg, TreeTagger [6], syn- tactic parsers, eg, LOPAR [7], and information extraction … ii) information management (information retrieval, automatic summarization, information extraction, question answering), and (iii) speech processing and dialogue systems. … Cited by 12 Related articles All 6 versions

Acoustic correlates of meaning structure in conversational speech. AV Ivanov, G Riccardi, S Ghosh, S Tonelli… – …, 2010 – sensei-conversation.eu … This computational model has had success in applications such as spoken dialog systems but may be lim- ited by semantic coverage or high word error rates, in the case of unconstrained conversational systems. … (b) Lemma in- formation, annotated with TreeTagger[16]. … Cited by 2 Related articles All 4 versions

Natural language query refinement for problem resolution from crowdsourced semi-structured data R Gangadharaiah, B Narayanaswamy – Proceedings of the Sixth …, 2013 – aclweb.org … Natural Language Question Generation: We demonstrate that, in a dialog system it is … show a common relation between the verb or action, fail, and the attribute sync server (the base form of the verbs are obtained from their corresponding lemmas with TreeTagger (Schmid, 1994 … Cited by 1 Related articles All 4 versions

Connecting question answering and conversational agents U Waltinger, A Breuing, I Wachsmuth – KI-Künstliche Intelligenz, 2012 – Springer … With respect to the domain of topic spotting for ques- tion contextualization [4, 31] in dialogue systems, Gerber and Chai [18] presented a regression model to identify … All natural language questions were linguisti- cally analyzed using the shallow processing tool TreeTagger [41]. … Cited by 5 Related articles All 6 versions

Creating ontologies for content representation—the OntoSeed suite EP Bontas, D Schlangen, T Schrader – On the Move to Meaningful Internet …, 2005 – Springer … been used for a long time in many NLP applications, be that machine translation [20], text understanding [14], or dialogue systems (some recent … Reliable systems for performing this task are readily available; we use the TreeTagger [26] developed at IMS in Stuttgart, Germany,7 … Cited by 10 Related articles All 11 versions

Corpora of Spoken Language A Lüdeling – hand-to-mouth.uzh.ch … transcribed, tokenized & aligned (Praat), annotated with pos & lemma (TreeTagger) • multi-layer format: … Gibbon, Dafydd, Mertins,Inge & Moore, Roger K. (eds.) 2000. Handbook of Multimodal and Spoken Dialogue Systems. Resources, Terminology and Product Evaluation. … Related articles All 2 versions

Constructive Feedback, Thinking Process and Cooperation: Assessing the Quality of Classroom Interaction T Sousa, L Flekova, M Mieskes… – … Annual Conference of …, 2015 – ukp.tu-darmstadt.de … For our experiments we use only freely available tools, such as the TreeTagger [16], and Support Vector Machines (SVM … mond, “Intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation of an automatic user disengagement detector for an uncertainty-adaptive spoken dialogue system,” in Proceedings …

Literature review on patient-friendly documentation systems H Åhlfeldt, L Borin, N Grabar, C Hallett, D Hardcastle… – 2006 – pub.uni-bielefeld.de … 37 4.8 Text Simplification and Dialogue . . . . . 38 4.8.1 Text simplification . . . . . 38 4.8.2 Dialogue systems . . . . . 38 4.9 Automated acquisition of lexicon . . . . . … Cited by 6 Related articles All 14 versions

Patients’ involvement in e-health services quality assessment: A system for the automatic interpretation of SMS-based patients’ feedback S Rubrichi, A Battistotti, S Quaglini – Journal of biomedical informatics, 2014 – Elsevier … one. Here, the window length has been chosen so that the most part of negative constructs in the Italian language can be detected. We used TreeTagger [37] to perform POS tagging of the corpus sentences. Semantic Features … Cited by 4 Related articles All 5 versions

Prototypes of Social Simulation A Osherenko – Social Interaction, Globalization and Computer-Aided …, 2014 – Springer … features in an SS system can be evaluated as a frequency vector where necessary tag- ging/lemmatization is performed using TreeTagger. … in an SS system can rely on an approach that uses the SPIN parser (Engel 2006), a semantic parser for spoken dialog systems, to detect … Related articles

A unified framework for translation and understanding allowing discriminative joint decoding for multilingual speech semantic interpretation B Jabaian, F Lefèvre, L Besacier – Computer Speech & Language, 2014 – Elsevier … The framework can be generalized to other components of a dialogue system. Abstract. … It has been shown that using lattices as SLU input decreased the classification error rate in the case of the AT&T’s “How May I Help You” dialogue system. In parallel Servan et al. … Cited by 1 Related articles All 5 versions

Literature Review on Patient-Friendly Documentation Systems A Hans, L Borin, P Daumke, N Grabar, C Hallett… – 2006 – Citeseer … 37 4.8 Text Simplification and Dialogue . . . . . 38 4.8.1 Text simplification . . . . . 38 4.8.2 Dialogue systems . . . . . 38 4.9 Automated acquisition of lexicon . . . . . … Related articles All 3 versions

AIML Knowledge Base Construction from Text Corpora G De Gasperis, I Chiari, N Florio – Artificial Intelligence, Evolutionary …, 2013 – Springer … natural conversation (Shawar and Atwell 2003a), and it can be used as a knowledge base to build conversation and information structure for a dialogue system. … A freely available tool that performs POS tagging for English and many other languages is TreeTagger (Schmid 1994 … Related articles All 7 versions

Creating ontologies for content representation–-the OntoSeed suite EP Bontas Simperl, D Schlangen… – Proceedings of the …, 2005 – pub.uni-bielefeld.de … been used for a long time in many NLP applications, be that machine translation [20], text understanding [14], or dialogue systems (some recent … Reliable systems for performing this task are readily available; we use the TreeTagger [26] developed at IMS in Stuttgart, Germany,7 … Related articles All 2 versions

Hybrid parsing: Using probabilistic models as predictors for a symbolic parser KA Foth, W Menzel – Proceedings of the 21st International Conference …, 2006 – dl.acm.org … all. To gain a benefit from such con- textual cues, eg in a dialogue system, requires to integrate yet another kind of external information. … ing. On our test set, the TreeTagger achieves a precision of 88.0% and a recall of 89.5%. … Cited by 36 Related articles All 13 versions

Linguistic and multilingual issues in virtual worlds and serious games: a general review S Cruz-Lara, A Denis, N Bellalem – The Journal of Virtual Worlds …, 2014 – hal.inria.fr … a tool for annotating text with part-of-speech and lemma information (http://www.cis.uni- muenchen.de/~schmid/tools/TreeTagger/). … people, and enrich their experience of the content; emotion recognition (eg, for spotting angry customers in speech dialog systems); support for … Related articles All 7 versions

Evaluation of machine translation with predictive metrics beyond BLEU/NIST: CESTA evaluation campaign #1 S Surcin, O Hamon, A Hartley, M Rajman… – Proc. of the MT Summit …, 2005 – Citeseer … multilingual corpora alignment, terminology extraction, machine translation, syntactic parsing, question answering, voice recognition, speech synthesis and dialogue systems). … In these results, the X-Score was implemented using Treetagger (Schmid, 1994) for POS tagging, and … Cited by 10 Related articles All 4 versions

Creating ontologies for content representation—the OntoSeed suite EPB Simperl, D Schlangen – Journal on data semantics IX, 2007 – Springer … used for a long time in many NLP applications, be that machine translation [27], text understanding [18], or dialogue systems (some recent … Reliable systems for performing this task are readily available; we use the TreeTagger [34] developed at IMS in Stuttgart, Germany,11 but … Related articles All 9 versions

Quality Estimation for Automatic Speech Recognition M Negri, M Turchi, JGC de Souza, D Falavigna – aclweb.org … 5The PoS LM has been obtained by processing with the TreeTagger (Schmid, 1995) the same data used for the word LM. … 2004. Combining acoustic and pragmatic features to predict recognition perfor- mance in spoken dialogue systems. pages 344–351. … Cited by 1 Related articles All 5 versions

Stacked Auto-Encoder for ASR Error Detection and Word Error Rate Prediction S Jalalvand, D Falavigna – 2010 – hlt-mt.fbk.eu … So far, the most ASR error detection research has been car- ried out in the problematic speech recognition conditions, such as conversational speech, dialog systems, telephone and noisy … The part of speech (POS) has been obtained by processing with the TreeTagger [23]. …

Automatic Construction of a MultiWord Expressions Bilingual Lexicon: A Statistical Machine Translation Evaluation Perspective D Bouamor, N Semmar… – 24th International …, 2012 – anthology.aclweb.org … ims. uni-stuttgart. de/projekte/corplex/TreeTagger/ 2 http://hlt. fbk. eu/en/irstlm 101 … In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Speech and Dialogue Systems, pages 183–195. Vintar, S. and Fisier, D.(2008). Harvesting multi-word expressions from parallel corpora. … Cited by 5 Related articles All 9 versions

Supervised Machine Learning Techniques to Detect TimeML Events in French and English B Arnulphy, V Claveau, X Tannier, A Vilnat – Natural Language Processing …, 2015 – Springer … from texts is a keystone for many applications concerned with information access (question-answering systems, dialog systems, text mining … In the recognition problem group, the features are morphological (lemma, part-of-speech (PoS) context from TreeTagger [ 24 ]), …

Distributional semantic models for affective text analysis N Malandrakis, A Potamianos, E Iosif… – Audio, Speech, and …, 2013 – ieeexplore.ieee.org Page 1. Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org. This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. … Cited by 21 Related articles All 7 versions

Mining diagnostic text reports by learning to annotate knowledge roles E Mustafaraj, M Hoof, B Freisleben – Natural Language Processing and …, 2007 – Springer … text in terms of frames and roles would contribute to many applications, like question answering, information extraction, semantic dialogue systems, as well … The part-of-speech (POS) tagger (TreeTagger 4 ) that we used [26] is a probabilistic tagger with parameter files for tagging … Cited by 11 Related articles All 9 versions

A semi-automated method for acquisition of common-sense and inferentialist knowledge V Pinheiro, V Furtado, T Pequeno, W Franco – Journal of the Brazilian …, 2013 – Springer Page 1. J Braz Comput Soc (2013) 19:75–87 DOI 10.1007/s13173-012-0082-6 ORIGINAL PAPER A semi-automated method for acquisition of common-sense and inferentialist knowledge Vladia Pinheiro · Vasco Furtado · Tarcísio Pequeno · Wellington Franco … Cited by 2 Related articles All 4 versions

[BOOK] The lexicon graph model: A generic model for multimodal lexicon development T Trippel – 2006 – books.google.com Page 1. SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT–COMPUTERLINGUISTIK LINGUISTICS– COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS Band 18 /Volume 18 Thorsten Trippel The Lexicon Graph Model A generic model for multimodal lexicon development AQ–VERLAG Page 2. … Cited by 11 Related articles All 6 versions

[BOOK] A glossary of corpus linguistics P Baker, A Hardie, T McEnery – 2006 – books.google.com … ScoSE (Saarbrücken Corpus of Spoken English) SEC (Lancaster/IBM Spoken English Corpus) SEU (Survey of English Usage) Corpus SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language) SPAAC (Speech Act Annotated Corpus for Dialogue Systems) SUSANNE (Surface and … Cited by 161 Related articles All 5 versions

ESSLLI Student Session J Gervain – Citeseer … about 40 million words. The corpus is • tokenized, • part-of-speech tagged and lemmatized with TreeTagger (Schmid (1994)), • morphosyntactically annotated 5 Page 18. • and chunked with YAC (Kermes (2003)). The IMS Corpus … Related articles

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Sequential supervised learning for hypernym discovery from Wikipedia B Litz, H Langer, R Malaka – Knowledge Discovery, Knowlege Engineering …, 2011 – Springer … The statistical taggers qtag [8], Trigrams’n’Tags [9], TreeTagger [10] and Stanford Log-linear Part-Of-Speech Tagger [11] all provide a German model and perform with an average accuracy of … Loos, B., Porzel, R.: Resolution of lexical ambiguities in spoken dialogue systems. … Cited by 5 Related articles All 7 versions

Computational generation and dissection of lexical replacement humor A VALITUTTI, A DOUCET, JM TOIVANEN… – Natural Language … – Cambridge Univ Press … Intentional generation of humorous slips could be used as a component of dialogue systems to make them more human-like, or they … 1 http:www.ims.unistuttgart.de/projekte/corplex/TreeTagger 2 http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict 3 http://www.damnyouautocorrect … Related articles All 2 versions

Computational Generation and Dissection of Lexical Replacement Humor (Authors’ pre-print version of the accepted manuscript) A Valitutti, A Doucet, JM Toivanen, H Toivonen – Natural Language … – cs.helsinki.fi … Intentional generation of humorous slips could be used as a component of dialogue systems to make them more human-like, or they could be used as a … 1 http:www.ims.unistuttgart.de/projekte/ corplex/TreeTagger 2 http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict 3 http://www …

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