Notes:
The text discusses various aspects of the use of virtual humans in cognitive architectures and related applications, including their ability to display complex behaviors and emotions, the challenges of using them to model crowd behavior, the importance of considering the feedback process in virtual human conversation, the use of cognitive operators to model human thought, the need for cognitive architectures to bridge dichotomies in order to support human-level intelligence in virtual humans, and the role of emotional mechanisms in natural and artificial cognitive architectures. The text also mentions the use of virtual humans in immersive learning environments, long-term communication disruptions, and the development of new cognitive architectures that consider interaction, embodiment, and situation. The text also discusses the modeling of the influence of emotion on cognitive processing and the development of an affective-cognitive architecture.
Cognitive operators are used to model human thought by representing certain mental processes or actions that the mind carries out in order to perform cognitive tasks. These mental processes or actions can include updating beliefs, updating intentions, updating plans, understanding speech, waiting, monitoring goals, monitoring expectations and affect, monitoring expectations and actions, and so on. Cognitive operators can be used to represent the various mental processes that are involved in carrying out cognitive tasks, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and learning. They can be used to represent the mental processes that underlie various cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, memory, and language processing. Cognitive operators can be used to create computational models of human cognition that can be implemented in software or hardware, and can be used to create artificial intelligence systems, such as virtual humans or cognitive robots.
Cognitive architectures can bridge dichotomies by combining different approaches or perspectives in order to more accurately model human cognition. For example, a cognitive architecture may incorporate elements of both symbolic and connectionist approaches in order to better represent the complexity and flexibility of human thought. Similarly, a cognitive architecture may integrate perspectives such as interaction, embodiment, and situation in order to more fully capture the ways in which human cognition is influenced by and influences the environment and the body. By combining these different elements, cognitive architectures can provide a more comprehensive and accurate representation of human cognition and enable the creation of intelligent agents and virtual humans that are more human-like in their behavior and capabilities.
It is difficult to provide a general answer to this question as different artificial cognitive architectures may implement emotional mechanisms in different ways. However, some common approaches include using machine learning techniques to train a model to recognize and generate emotional expressions, using rule-based systems to specify how emotions should be generated and manifested in the architecture, or using computational models of emotion to integrate emotion at various levels of the architecture. In some cases, emotional mechanisms may also be integrated with other aspects of the architecture such as decision-making, planning, or problem-solving. The specific design and implementation of emotional mechanisms in an artificial cognitive architecture may depend on the specific goals and needs of the architecture, as well as the available resources and capabilities.
New cognitive architectures are being developed to take into account the perspectives of interaction, embodiment, and situation. These architectures are designed to better reflect the ways in which humans process and interact with their environment, as well as the role that physical embodiment plays in cognitive processing. Some approaches to cognitive architecture may also incorporate the concept of enactivism, which posits that cognitive processing is not a purely internal process, but rather is shaped by and arises from interactions with the environment. These new architectures may use techniques such as simulation and machine learning to model and replicate various aspects of human cognition, including perception, decision-making, and problem-solving, in order to create more realistic and human-like intelligent systems.
An affective-cognitive architecture in virtual humans refers to a computational model of emotion that is integrated into every level of the cognitive architecture. This means that emotion is not just considered at the surface level, but is instead integrated into the way that the virtual human processes information and makes decisions. This could involve the virtual human being able to perceive and respond to the emotional states of others, or being able to express and regulate its own emotions in a way that is appropriate for the given situation. This type of architecture could also involve the virtual human being able to adapt its behavior based on its emotional state, or being able to use emotion as a guide for decision-making. Essentially, an affective-cognitive architecture in virtual humans aims to make the virtual human’s emotional capabilities more similar to those of a real human.
See also:
Bridging dichotomies in cognitive architectures for virtual humans
P Rosenbloom – 2011 AAAI Fall Symposium Series, 2011 – aaai.org
Desiderata for cognitive architectures that are to support the extent of human-level intelligence required in virtual humans imply the need to bridge a range of dichotomies faced by such architectures. The focus here is first on two general approaches to building …
Empathy-based emotional alignment for a virtual human: A three-step approach
H Boukricha, I Wachsmuth – KI-Künstliche Intelligenz, 2011 – Springer
… Similar to the virtual human MAX, EMMA has a cognitive architecture composed of an emotion simulation module [1] and a Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) module [15]. The emotion simulation module consists of two components …
CIGA: a middleware for intelligent agents in virtual environments
J van Oijen, L Vanhée, F Dignum – … on Agents for Educational Games and …, 2011 – Springer
… and deliberation aspects of agents and lack other aspects of behavior that may be required to form a fully cognitive architecture (Eg the modeling of physiology, emotion or reflexive behaviors). These aspects can play an important role in simulating virtual humans for example …
Cognitive computational models of emotions
LF Rodriguez, F Ramos, Y Wang – IEEE 10th International …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org
… This mo?el as implemented in the Virtual Human System [23], WhICh IS a knowledge-based framework aimed at creating 3D … a generic methodology for the modeling of the influences of emotion on cognitive processing, and an affective-cognitive architecture that implements it …
A survey of pedagogical functions of intelligent agents in virtual learning environments
M Soliman, C Guetl – ????????, 2011 – airitilibrary.com
… with intelligent agents, cognitive and meta-cognitive agents for teaching, emotions and affections of embodied pedagogical agents and agents as virtual humans … Another famous system is the ACT-R cognitive architecture developed at Carnegie Mellon University …
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S Feng, AH Tan – … on Technologies and Applications of Artificial …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org
… variables, EAN is a far better choice for capturing and modeling human emotions. Moving forward, we aim to integrate the emotion model into an integrated cognitive architecture to create a more complete version of virtual humans …
How to compare usability of techniques for the specification of virtual agents’ behavior? An experimental pilot study with human subjects
J Gemrot, C Brom, J Bryson, M Bída – International Workshop on Agents …, 2011 – Springer
… These systems include decision making modules of several cognitive architectures, eg, Soar and ACT-R [9, 10], stand-alone BDI-based programming languages, eg GOAL [11], and stand-alone reactive planners such as POSH [12] …
Rethinking cognitive architecture via graphical models
PS Rosenbloom – Cognitive Systems Research, 2011 – Elsevier
… as a starting point because it: is one of the longest standing – over 25 years – and most thoroughly investigated cognitive architectures; has been explored as both a unified theory of human cognition and as an architecture for intelligent agents and virtual humans; and exists in …
A biologically inspired architecture for an autonomous and social robot
M Malfaz, Á Castro-González, R Barber… – IEEE Transactions on …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org
… Therefore, in recent years, the role of emotional mechanisms in natural and artificial cognitive architectures, in particular in cognitive robotics, has been considered … Sevin, in [66], developed a motivational model of action selection for virtual humans …
Embodied conversational virtual patients
PG Kenny, TD Parsons – Conversational agents and natural …, 2011 – igi-global.com
… Our work includes a general theoretical commitment to understanding virtual human conversation as a feedback process, in which interpretation of verbal and nonverbal data (ie, message reception and production) alone, although potentially useful, are deficient …
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TD Parsons – Clinical Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools …, 2011 – igi-global.com
… do require time and effort for adequate development, we have tried to address this with a distributed underlying virtual human architecture … Complex agents can be created using a cognitive architecture that reason about plans and actions and integrate a dialog manager and …
Mental Imagery in a Graphical Cognitive Architecture.
PS Rosenbloom – BICA, 2011 – pdfs.semanticscholar.org
… [16] PS Rosenbloom. Bridging dichotomies in cognitive architectures for virtual humans. In Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Advances in Cognitive Systems, 2011. In press. [17] PS Rosenbloom. Implementing first-order variables in a graphical cognitive architecture …
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L Navarro, F Flacher, V Corruble – The 10th International Conference on …, 2011 – dl.acm.org
… 2. RELATED WORK Generating realistic behavior for virtual humans has been the subject of numerous studies in various communities. Systems like SOAR [11], ACT-R [3], ICARUS [2] or LIDA [19] are excellent examples of cognitive architectures that provide a complex …
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H Boukricha, I Wachsmuth – 2011 IEEE Workshop on Affective …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org
… values (dominant vs. submissive). Similar to the virtual human MAX, EMMA has a cognitive architecture composed of an emotion simulation module [7] and a Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) module [20]. The emotion simulation …
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WF Van Der Vegte, I Horváth – Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, 2011 – dl.acm.org
… In the Santos virtual human, Yang et al … potentially, in use-process simulations, even the physical part of the human interaction loop can be closed. The decision-making models in the first category are known as “cognitive architectures” (CAs) …
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S Donikian, P Petta – Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 2011 – Wiley Online Library
… From the application?oriented perspective of modeling of virtual humans, We identify links of interest between these bodies of … New cognitive architectures are being developed that take the perspectives of interaction, embodiment and situation, and enactivism into account, eg …
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… We compared instruction and interactive feedback from immersive virtual humans against instruction based on a written study guide with illustrations of the cultural protocols … Learning Cultural Conversational Protocols with Immersive Interactive Virtual Humans …
A computational theory of human perceptual mapping
WK Yeap – 2011 – openrepository.aut.ac.nz
… 60 Joana Hois, Robert J. Ross, John Kelleher, John A. Bateman Optimality Theory as a General Cognitive Architecture ….. 62 Tamas Biro, Judit Gervain … 72 Javid Sadr Tutorial on the Icarus Cognitive Architecture …
Never alone in the crowd: A microscopic crowd model based on emotional contagion
M Lhommet, D Lourdeaux, JP Barthès – … of the 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM …, 2011 – dl.acm.org
… Despite the fact that this cognitive architecture allows to create very credible virtual humans that display emotions and express extremely elaborated behaviors, it is so complex that it can only support a few agents and then cannot be applied to crowd behavior …
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SKU Zibner, C Faubel, I Iossifidis… – IEEE Transactions on …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org
… and to the motor systems. We discuss how DNFs can be used as building blocks for cognitive architectures, characterize the critical bifurcations in DNFs, as well as the possible coupling structures among DNFs. In a series of …
Design and implementation of GEmA: A generic emotional agent
M Kazemifard, N Ghasem-Aghaee, TI Ören – Expert systems with …, 2011 – Elsevier
… Chown, Jones, and Henninger (2002) describe a cognitive architecture for an interactive decision-making agent with emotions … MDPs are also ill suited to model the collaborative planning in virtual human applications (Gratch & Marsella, 2004) …
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S Ghosh, B Meijering – Proceedings of the Workshop on Reasoning About …, 2011 – Citeseer
… strategies. We use the logical model as a basis for a cognitive computational model, implemented in the cognitive architecture ACT-R. We want to emphasize that the cognitive model can be considered as a virtual human being …
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H Aydt, M Lees, L Luo, W Cai, MYH Low… – 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org
… While the concept of virtual humans for games has seen significant focus in the serious games field, there is little work which … Hudlicka describes MAMID, a cognitive architecture for agents that emphasises the importance of personal traits and emotions [9]. MAMID is based on …
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K Guevara – International Conference on Human-Computer …, 2011 – Springer
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… Becker-Asano, C., Wachsmuth, I. Affective computing with primary and secondary emotions in a virtual human Autonomous Agents and Multi … Ziemke, T., Lowe, R. “On the Role of Emotion in Embodied Cognitive Architectures:From Organisms to Robots”, Cogn Comput (2009) 1 …
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… 2010), http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/ 2. Becker-Asano, CW, Wachsmuth, I.: Affective computing with primary and sec- ondary emotions in a virtual human … Oxford Uni- versity Press, Oxford (2007) 8. Hudlicka, E.: Beyond cognition: Modeling emotion in cognitive architectures …
Sharing emotions and space–Empathy as a basis for cooperative spatial interaction
H Boukricha, N Nguyen, I Wachsmuth – International Workshop on …, 2011 – Springer
… The Virtual Human Max has a cognitive architecture composed of a Belief-Desire- Intention (BDI) module [16] and of an emotion simulation module [3]. Based on domain- specific as well as domain-independent appraisal mechanisms, emotional valences are derived in the …
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F Stech, KE Heckman, P Hilliard, JR Ballo – PsychNology Journal, 2011 – psychnology.org
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Jam: Java-based associative memory
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… training of dialog strategies. The virtual human proposed by Kenny et al. [7] is able to generate realistic human behavior in a simulation environment with the help of the cognitive architecture SOAR. SOAR includes models of …
Socially situated affective systems
S Payr, P Wallis – Emotion-Oriented Systems, 2011 – Springer
… There is no value for dominance to be mapped, but ‘the BDI interpreter of the cognitive architecture … is capable of controlling the state of dominance in an adequate way’ (Becker et al., 2004). The emotion system interacts with …
An Agent Architecture for Large-scale Security Simulation
A Botello, J Lin, D Mozzacco, JE Sutton, M Spraragen… – 2011 – gamepipe.org
… cognition. We set forth proposals for a deeper integration than previous cognitive-emotional architectures, and present the design of a cognitive architecture, EmoCog, which embodies these ideas. 15 Page 16. 4.1.1 Background …
Agent Oriented Programming
JW Tweedale, LC Jain – Embedded Automation in Human-Agent …, 2011 – Springer
… Soar is a general cognitive architecture for developing systems that exhibit intelli- gent behavior … Due to the long term communication disruptions and message turn-around times, the virtual human presence normally present may be represented in the absence of such televisory …
Towards an environment interface standard for agent platforms
TM Behrens, KV Hindriks, J Dix – Annals of Mathematics and Artificial …, 2011 – Springer
… Although the interface is domain independent it is specific to Soar and still does not support reuse between agent platforms. A similar effort is reported in [4] where a connection between the cognitive architecture ACT-R to Unreal Tournament is discussed …
A cognitive framework for robot guides in art collections
D Vogiatzis, V Karkaletsis – Universal Access in the Information Society, 2011 – Springer
… main ontology. Keywords. HCI Dialogue system Cognitive architecture Recommender system Explanations. 1 Introduction … Open image in new window. 5.2.1 Affective module. In the cognitive architecture, the affective module is the“emotional” centre of the system …
Modeling the effects of emotion on cognition
M Spraragen – Sixteenth AAAI/SIGART Doctoral Consortium, 2011 – aaai.org
… Our group has designed an emotional cognitive architecture, EmoCog (Lin et al … 7) Apply EmoCog to the creation of emotion-enabled game engines and virtual train- ing environments, providing more realistic and valuable in- teractions with virtual humans than are currently …
A survey on the use of emotions, mood, and personality in ambient intelligence and smart environments
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… EMA is based on the SOAR architecture, which is a cognitive architecture that allows to model human though in terms of a set o cognitive op- erators (eg update belief, update intention, update plan, understand speech, wait, monitor goal, monitor expect affect, monitor expect act …
Social Signal Processing in Companion Systems-Challenges Ahead.
G Layher, H Neumann, S Scherer, S Tschechne… – GI …, 2011 – user.tu-berlin.de
… Based on the angular degrees of freedom at the joints of the individual limbs the position of each component can be constrained in a sequentialized detection process (see text for discussion). ingly fit into a cognitive architecture of social signal analysis is still in its infancy …
Authoring and Evaluating Autonomous Virtual Human Simulations
M Kapadia – 2011 – pdfs.semanticscholar.org
… Visualization. The animated virtual humans along with the rich virtual envi- ronments are visualized using a rendering engine of choice depending upon the needs of the application … integrated into the simulation framework. Cognitive architectures [28,109,111] …
Intuition as instinctive dialogue
D Sonntag – Computing with instinct, 2011 – Springer
… These examples are taken from the VirtualHumans project, see http://www.virtual-human.org/ for more infor- mation … This gives us the freedom to use technical (meta) cognitive architectures towards technical models of intuition, based on perception of moods and emotions in …
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MA Pontier – 2011 – dare.ubvu.vu.nl
… In contrast, people can also feel offended by an impolite computer, for example if a virtual human suddenly disappears from the screen without saying or waving goodbye … Virtual humans who show emotions may increase the user’s appreciation of a system …
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N Rychtyckyj, D Shapiro – AI Magazine, 2011 – aaai.org
… The NPCEditor has been applied in a number of virtual human applications, including SGT Star for Army recruiting and virtual museum guides at … director of the Institute for the Study of Learning and Expertise (ISLE), where he conducts research on cognitive architectures and on …
Question Answering in a Graphical Cognitive Architecture
S Raveendran, PS Rosenbloom, A Leuski – 2011 – wiki.ict.usc.edu
… 2010b. Practical language processing for virtual humans. In 22nd Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Rosenbloom, PS 2010. Rethinking cognitive architecture via graphical models, In Cognitive Systems Research.In Press …
Polymorphic cumulative learning in integrated cognitive architectures for analysis of pilot-aircraft dynamic environment
Y Tangwen, S Fu – International Conference on Digital Human Modeling, 2011 – Springer
… of this paper is to figure out more plausible learning mechanisms that could be adopted by digital pilots in integrated cognitive architectures for analysis of … Digital pilots are kind of virtual human artifacts, and their intelligence is confined to C, D, E, and F. Therefore, digital pilots …
Emotion generation integration into cognitive architecture
J Lin – International Conference on Affective Computing and …, 2011 – Springer
… 2. Computational model of emotion built from the ground up, where emotion is integrated at every level of cognitive architecture … org/cgi/content/abstract/10/3/295 3. Becker-Asano, C., Wachsmuth, I.: Affective computing with primary and secondary emotions in a virtual human …
From Biologically Inspired Model of Emotions to Strategic Expressions for a Virtual Agent
P Philippe, M Ochs, C Pelachaud – lorentzcenter.nl
… Concerning virtual human characters, only few models have been proposed. For instance, Velasquez [47] proposes an Emotion Generation structure based on a neuroscience approach … On the role of emotion in embodied cognitive architectures: From organisms to robots …
The Social Agency Problem
DG Shapiro – 2011 AAAI Fall Symposium Series, 2011 – aaai.org
… Acquisition of hierarchical reactive skills in a unified cognitive architecture. Cognitive Systems Research, 10 , 316–332 … Leuski, A., and Traum, D. (2011). NPCEditor: Creating Virtual Human Dialogue Using Information Retrieval Techniques …
Embodied Conversational Agent Avatars in Virtual Worlds: Making Today’s Immersive Environments More
JF Morie, E Chance, K Haynes, D Rajpurohit – researchgate.net
… 2006). ICT’s virtual human architecture includes a number of components listed be- low that support the agents’ intelligent behaviors (Kenny et al. 2007) … Simple Q&A agents use the NPC Editor, whereas complex agents are created using other cognitive architectures …
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Y Sandamirskaya – academia.edu
… to model human perception, action, cognition, and their development, as well as to implement cognitive architectures that generate … and G. Schöner, “Dynamic field theory and embodied communication,” in Modeling communication with robots and virtual humans (I. Wachsmuth …
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Equipping Companions with Theory of Mind
G Sieber – ofai.at
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Conversational Agents and Natural Language Interaction: Techniques and Effective
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… Our work includes a general theoretical commitment to understanding virtual human conversation as a feedback process, in which interpretation of verbal and nonverbal data (ie, message reception and production) alone, although potentially useful, are deficient …
Virtual Agents for Human Communication
ID Trade-Offs – research.vu.nl
… In contrast, people can also feel offended by an impolite computer, for example if a virtual human suddenly disappears from the screen without saying or waving goodbye … Virtual humans who show emotions may increase the user’s appreciation of a system …
List of accepted papers & member abstracts (sorted by type)
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World in a Bottle
P Insurgency – War, Technology, Anthropology, 2011 – books.google.com
… These libraries consist of over 60 culturally diverse virtual human models as well as 40 facial expressions and 500 gestures, and can … This research, funded by the DOD, also attempts to inte- grate “cultural cognitive architecture” that uses “knowl- edge learned by living in that …
Business, Technological, and Social Dimensions of Computer Games: Multidisciplinary Developments
MM Cruz-Cunha, VH Carvalho, PCA Tavares – 2011 – researchgate.net
Page 1. Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Vitor Hugo Costa Carvalho Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Paula Cristina Almeida Tavares Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Business, Technological …
An information technological specification of abstract prototyping for artifact and service combinations
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Culturally Affected Behaviour in Belief-Desire-Intention Agents
J Schram – Tilburg University, 2011 – ilk.uvt.nl
… In Solomon et al.’s application of CAB in the Virtual Humans behaviour model (Solomon et al., 2008; Solomon et al., 2009) the SCS score is used in the agent’s reasoning process and to determine the agent’s immediate response to the actions of another agent. Page 8. – 2 …
Harmony An Architecture For Network Centric Heterogeneous Terrain Database Re-generation
B Graniela – 2011 – stars.library.ucf.edu
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Common Crowd Dynamics: Shaping Behavioral Intention Models
M Bouchard – 2011 – core.ac.uk
Page 1. Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Theses Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2011 Common Crowd Dynamics: Shaping Behavioral Intention Models Marcel Bouchard Southern Illinois University Carbondale, mbo9472@gmail.com …
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T Visser – 2011 – essay.utwente.nl
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CL Johnson – 2011 – stars.library.ucf.edu
… consists of humans. Therefore, the agents representing team members must also portray human behavior. The study of human behavior is highly complex. Cognitive architectures or frameworks are the first steps toward creating a complete simulation of human behavior. This …
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YY She – 2011 – spectrum.library.concordia.ca
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