Semantic Tags & Dialog Systems

Notes:

Semantic tags are labels or annotations that are used to identify the meaning of words or phrases in a text or speech. In the context of dialog systems, semantic tags can be used to help the system understand the meaning of user input and respond appropriately.

For example, consider a simple dialog system that can help users book hotel rooms. The system might use semantic tags to identify the location, date, and type of room that the user is interested in. The system could then use this information to search for available rooms and present the user with a list of options.

Semantic tags can also be used to disambiguate words or phrases that have multiple meanings. For example, the word “book” can refer to a physical object or an appointment. By adding semantic tags, the system can distinguish between these different meanings and respond accordingly.

Method and system for interpreting verbal inputs in multimodal dialog system CC Ma, HM Bliss… – US Patent 7,584,099, 2009 – Google Patents … 104. In an embodiment of the invention, the recognition grammar present in the multimodal dialog system 104 is semantically tagged, ie, the recognition 2Q grammar comprises at least one semantic tag definition. The value … Related articles – All 3 versions

Semantic understanding by combining extended CFG parser with HMM model [PDF] from mit.edu Y Xu, S Seneff, A Li… – … Technology Workshop (SLT), …, 2010 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … In this paper, we propose a novel method for extracting both syntactic and semantic tags, and then … data obtained via typed inputs, to be used for training the statistics of a spoken dialogue system. … For the untagged sentences, we used a grammar that could only parse a word as … Cited by 2 – Related articles – All 3 versions

SLU in Commercial and Research Spoken Dialogue Systems D Suendermann… – Spoken Language …, 2011 – Wiley Online Library … it using a text-to-speech synthesizer, and activate the speech recognition module with a specific grammar. … To build a real-world dialogue system, one needs to have a baseline system in place … use a tagger instead of a classifier since it is able to assign semantic tags to individual … Cited by 1 – Related articles

Example-based dialog modeling for practical multi-domain dialog system [PDF] from postech.ac.kr C Lee, S Jung, S Kim… – Speech Communication, 2009 – Elsevier … 1. Object-oriented architecture of situation-based dialog system for EPG service and car navigation domains. … Then we manually assigned semantic tags (eg, dialog act, main goal, and slot entities) to the user utterances, and system action tags to the system utterances (top of Fig … Cited by 18 – Related articles – All 6 versions

ASSIGNMENT OF SEMANTIC TAGS TO PHRASES FOR GRAMMAR GENERATION S MARTIN – EP Patent 1,685,555, 2009 – freepatentsonline.com … A grammar contains rules defining the mapping of semantic tags to the phrases. Such rule based grammars have been the most investigated subject of research in the field of natural language understanding and are often incorporated in actual dialogue systems. … Cached

Hybrid syntactic-semantic reranking for parsing results of ECAs interactions using CRFs [PDF] from us.es E Acerbi, G Pérez… – Advances in Natural Language Processing, 2010 – Springer … Keywords: Embodied conversational agents, natural language process- ing, dialogue systems, sequence tagging, CRFs. … word can be classified as noun, adjective or as the semantic tag compliments. … Parsing the wall street journal using a lexical-functional grammar and discrimi … Related articles – All 17 versions

Interactive question answering and constraint relaxation in spoken dialogue systems [PDF] from upenn.edu S Varges, F Weng… – … of the 7th SIGdial Workshop on …, 2009 – dl.acm.org … The dialogue system is fully implemented and has been used in restau- rant selection and … cheap Chi- nese restaurant.” For generalization, we replace constraint realizations with semantic tags derived from … plex grammar formalism to prevent ungrammati- cal candidate moves. … Cited by 18 – Related articles – All 38 versions

A’companion’ECA with planning and activity modelling [PDF] from ifaamas.org M Cavazza, C Smith, D Charlton, L Zhang… – Proceedings of the 7th …, 2008 – dl.acm.org … Dynamic grammar generation also takes place in certain situations. … The integration between the Planner and the dialogue system is based on a mapping between the dialogue lexicon semantics and … (:semantic-tags (:exercise-high :time-high :walking-travel :weather-dependent … Cited by 19 – Related articles – All 16 versions

[PDF] The integration of the Hungarian language in to the Slovak spoken dialogue system [PDF] from wseas.us S Ondáš, J Juhár, M Papco, M Trnka… – Proceedings of the 9th …, 2009 – wseas.us … Slovak SDS The integration of the new language to the spoken dialogue system relates with … Then the appropriate dictionary is loaded together with the particular speech grammar. … obtaining information (through the http request) an important role plays semantic tags included in … Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

A mobile health and fitness companion demonstrator [PDF] from swedish-ict.se O Ståhl, B Gambäck, M Turunen… – Proceedings of the 12th …, 2009 – dl.acm.org … Home Companion is implemented on top of Jaspis, a generic agent-based architecture de- signed for adaptive spoken dialogue systems (Tu- runen … ASR grammars are in “Speech Recogni- tion Grammar Specification” (W3C) format and include semantic tags in “Semantic … Cited by 3 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Semantic services in FreeLing 2.1: WordNet and UKB [PDF] from upc.edu L Padró, S Reese, E Agirre… – 2010 – upcommons.upc.edu … processing (NLP) applica- tions such as Machine Translation, Summariza- tion, Dialogue systems, Text mining … mod- ule can be easily extended (eg to include more semantic tags or more … The relaxation-labelling tagger (Padró, 1998): Deals with constraint-grammar-like rules … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 8 versions

Understanding spoken location information based on intersections ML Seltzer, YC Ju… – US Patent 7,983,913, 2011 – Google Patents … By mapping the various pronunciations to a semantic identity (or semantic tag) the recognition can be … 5. Next, the speech recognition system 300 (or the dialog system) loads the street grammar … on the city information received from the user) into the intersection grammar 143. … Related articles – All 4 versions

Method and apparatus for dynamic grammars and focused semantic parsing YY Wang – US Patent 7,555,426, 2009 – Google Patents … can cause strings of text to be associated with a large number of different semantic tags. … 50 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a dialogue system in which semantic … In one embodiment, the semantic grammar used by the parser is altered so that the … Related articles – All 4 versions

[PDF] POSTECH Approaches for Dialog-based English Conversation Tutoring [PDF] from postech.ac.kr S Lee, H Noh, J Lee, K Lee… – Proceedings of the APSIPA …, 2010 – isoft.postech.ac.kr … Then semantic tags (eg, dialog act, main goal, and slot entity) are manually annotated to the user utterances … E. Educational Data Mining Just using conventional dialog systems in a foreign language would not be beneficial … 7 An example process of grammar error simulation Fig. … Cited by 2 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 2 versions

[PDF] Growing a Spoken Language Interface on Amazon Mechanical Turk [PDF] from mit.edu I McGraw, J Glass… – Proc. Interspeech2011, Florence, 2011 – people.csail.mit.edu … few carrier phrases, such as search for and find the, were added to the grammar leading into … Finally, semantic tags, eg [photo=i], were embedded into each word-loop, to allow us to … A. Black, and M. Eskenazi, “Do- ing research on a deployed spoken dialogue system: One year … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Method and apparatus for fast semi-automatic semantic annotation Y Gao, MA Picheny… – US Patent 7,996,211, 2011 – Google Patents … part of a natural language understand- ing system, such as a statistical spoken dialog system, includes conversations … based approach, it is often di?icult to write a set of grammar rules that … training on the “mini- corpus” and generates a unique set of semantic tags, labels, and … Related articles – All 3 versions

Voice-enabled dialog system G Di Fabbrizio, DL Dutton, NK Gupta… – US Patent …, 2011 – Google Patents … FIG. 1 illustrates the basic components required for human-computer interactive spoken dialog systems 10. … The second phase includes associating each input sentence with one or more semantic tags (or classes) that identify the “meaning” of a user’s request. … Related articles – All 3 versions

[PDF] A Mobile Health and Fitness Companion Demonstrator [PDF] from mercubuana.ac.id OSB Gambäck, M Turunen… – Demonstrations …, 2009 – ftsp.mercubuana.ac.id … Home Companion is implemented on top of Jaspis, a generic agent-based architecture de- signed for adaptive spoken dialogue systems (Tu- runen … ASR grammars are in “Speech Recogni- tion Grammar Specification”(W3C) format and include semantic tags in “Semantic … Related articles – View as HTML – All 18 versions

Method for fast semi-automatic semantic annotation Y Gao, MA Picheny… – US Patent 7,610,191, 2009 – Google Patents … part of a natural language understand- ing system, such as a statistical spoken dialog system, includes conversations … grammar based approach, it is often difficult to write a set of grammar rules that … on the “mini- 5 corpus” and generates a unique set of semantic tags, labels, and … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Using knowledge of misunderstandings to increase the robustness of spoken dialogue systems R López-Cózar, Z Callejas… – Knowledge-Based Systems, 2010 – Elsevier … Spoken dialogue systems (SDSs) are a very appealing technology to build new interfaces that … Recognition Grammar Specification of the W3C), JSGF (Java Speech Grammar Format) or ABNF (Augmented Backus Naur Form), which associate some sort of semantic tags to parts … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 5 versions

Hybrid approach to robust dialog management using agenda and dialog examples C Lee, S Jung, K Kim… – Computer Speech & Language, 2010 – Elsevier … This approach uses the grammar-based recognizer to detect out-of-coverage utterances and then … can afford to integrate obvious domain properties into the spoken dialog systems by using … Then semantic tags (eg, dialog act, main goal, and slot entity) are manually annotated to … Cited by 7 – Related articles – All 3 versions

A novel framework of training hidden markov support vector machines from lightly-annotated data D Zhou… – Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference …, 2011 – dl.acm.org … these systems either require a hand-built, ambiguous combinatory categorial grammar template to … tionships between them without considering the actual real- ized semantic tag sequence or … 1http://www.bltek.com/spoken-dialog-systems/ cu-communicator.html 2http://www.cs …

[PDF] Using Dialogue Corpora to Extend Information Extraction Patterns for Natural Language Understanding of Dialogue [PDF] from psu.edu R Catizone, A Dingli… – Proceedings of the Seventh …, 2010 – Citeseer … We devised our method when developing a demonstrator for a dialogue system in the domain of … and types token sequences as NP or VP chunks and determines grammatical dependency relations … the output of the IE, we immediately notice that the semantic tag which links … Related articles – View as HTML – All 5 versions

Comparing local and sequential models for statistical incremental natural language understanding [PDF] from aclweb.org S Heintze, T Baumann… – … of the 11th Annual Meeting of …, 2010 – dl.acm.org … A type often used in dialogue systems is the frame, an attribute value matrix. … even if we have only seen a prefix of the utterance so far; we will call this “whole-frame output” below.2 Another popular representation of semantics in applied systems uses semantic tags, ie, markers … Cited by 8 – Related articles – All 13 versions

[BOOK] Spoken Language Understanding: Systems for Extracting Semantic Information from Speech G Tur, R De Mori – 2011 – books.google.com … Handling Speech in QA Systems 6.3 QA Evaluation Campaigns 6.4 Question-answering systems 6.5 Projects Integrating Spoken Requests and Question Answering 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7: SLU in Commercial and Research Spoken Dialogue Systems 7.1 Why … Cited by 7 – Related articles – Library Search

[PDF] Rapid development of dialogue systems by grammar compilation [PDF] from sigdial.org B Bringert – Proceedings of the 8th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse …, 2007 – sigdial.org … management, context-free speech recognition gram- mars for input, with semantic tags for interpreta … the declarative and linguisti- cally powerful specification that a GF grammar is, we generate the interconnected components needed to run dialogue systems using industry … Cited by 8 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 13 versions

SYSTEM FOR HANDLING FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS IN A NATURAL LANGUAGE DIALOG SERVICE NK Gupta, MG Rahim… – US Patent App. 20,090/ …, 2008 – freepatentsonline.com … An XML-markup language describes the dialog actions (eg, prompting, grammar activation, database queries … 4 or may be associated with another element of a spoken dialog system. … improved by partitioning the table into smaller subsets, each corresponding to a semantic tag. … Cached

Multimodal and mobile conversational Health and Fitness Companions M Turunen, J Hakulinen, O Ståhl, B Gambäck… – Computer Speech & …, 2011 – Elsevier … et al., 2005), a generic open source software architecture designed for adaptive spoken dialogue systems. … In these grammars, semantic tags in “Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition (SISR) Version 1.0 … The grammar size for most grammars is about 1400 words, with a … Cited by 3 – Related articles – All 4 versions

System for handling frequently asked questions in a natural language dialog service NK Gupta, MG Rahim, G Riccardi – US Patent 7,197,460, 2007 – Google Patents … 1 illustrates the components of a general spoken 40 dialog system; FIG. … independent value entities and (2) associating each input sentence with one or more semantic tags (or classes … Each entity module is built using standard context-free grammar that can be represented by a … Cited by 37 – Related articles – All 2 versions

System and method for selective audible rendering of data to a user based on user input K Wang – US Patent 7,548,858, 2009 – Google Patents … to a first portion of stored text and a second semantic tag corresponding to … Wang, “SALT: A spoken language interface for web-based multimodal dialog systems,” Proc … onReco-‘doQueryO” onError=”alert(‘Error code=’+ event.srcElement.status)”> <salt:grammar id=”mainGrammar … Related articles – All 2 versions

Enabling distributed communication of manual skills [HTML] from cjb.net S Fox, P Ehlen… – International Journal of Managing …, 2011 – emeraldinsight.com … people are becoming familiar with the processes of annotation with semantic tags through their … are at work within computational semantics applications such as in-car dialogue systems. … There are two general approaches to these analyses, grammar based and classification. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 5 versions

DIALOG SYSTEM FOR COMPREHENSION EVALUATION FC Perronnin, C Brun, KA German… – US Patent App. 12/ …, 2009 – Google Patents … The question generator 52 may be in the form of a set of rules written on top of the parser grammar rules using the same … 1, the evaluation system 12 also includes a dialog system 54, which is configured for posing a set of the generated questions retrieved from memory 38 to a … All 2 versions

German subordinate clause word order in dialogue-based CALL [PDF] from uni-saarland.de M Wolska… – Computer Science and Information …, 2010 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … As typical in small-scale dialogue systems, we implement the system’s language model (the set of linguistic expressions) as a context free grammar with semantic tags. … API implementation of the CMU parser which is part of the Sphinx system.4 The semantic tags encode two … Related articles – All 4 versions

[BOOK] Grammatical framework: programming with multilingual grammars [PDF] from chalmers.se A Ranta – 2011 – csmisc14.cs.chalmers.se … generic grammar formalism, reversible grammars • abstract syntax formalism = Logical Framework Page 54. Some milestones … 2001: Resource Grammar Library started (English, Swedish, Russian) … 2004: Multimodal dialogue systems (TALK project: Ljunglöf, Bringert, Lemon) … Cited by 13 – Related articles – View as HTML – Library Search – All 3 versions

[PDF] Constraint grammar in dialogue systems [PDF] from ut.ee L Antonsen, S Huhmarniemi… – … SERIES VOL. 8, 2009 – murre.ut.ee … Today Vasta generates questions randomly within each level based on grammar difficulty. … The paper has shown how we use vislcg3 for peda- gogical dialogue systems for North … Secondly, by analysing the semantics of the user’s input, and assigning semantic tags to the input … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 10 versions

System and method of spoken language understanding in a spoken dialog service NK Gupta, MG Rahim… – US Patent 7,451,089, 2008 – Google Patents … FIG. 1 illustrates the basic components required for human-computer interactive spoken dialog systems 10. … The second phase includes associating each input sentence with one or more semantic tags (or classes) that identify the “meaning” of a user’s request. … Cited by 9 – Related articles – All 2 versions

Spoken Dialogue Systems K Jokinen… – Synthesis Lectures on Human …, 2009 – morganclaypool.com … phrase structure rules in the same way as a syntactic grammar, but the constituents in the semantic grammar are clas- sified in terms of their function or meaning rather than in terms of syntactic categories. Generally, semantic grammars for spoken dialogue systems and other … Cited by 12 – Related articles – Library Search – All 5 versions

SYSTEM FOR HANDLING FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS IN A NATURAL LANGUAGE DIALOG SERVICE NK Gupta, MG Rahim… – US Patent App. 12/266,835, 2008 – Google Patents … 1 illustrates the components of a general spo- ken dialog system; [0019] FIG. … The second phase includes associating each input sentence with one or more semantic tags (or classes) that identify the “meaning” of a user’s request. …

Applying a structured language model to information extraction C Chelba… – US Patent 7,805,302, 2010 – Google Patents … 2001.* Pellom et al, “University of Colorado Dialog Systems for Travel and Navigation,” presented at … generating parses on the semantically annotated training data enforcing the semantic tags or labels … of a CFG requires domain expertise, 50 and expertise in grammar authoring. … Related articles – All 3 versions

Multi-domain spoken language understanding with transfer learning [PDF] from minwoojeong.com M Jeong… – Speech Communication, 2009 – Elsevier … In this system, domain-specific grammars were tightly coupled with the speech recognizer; thus both … (2006) introduced a task identification method that exploits vector-based similarity in a dialog system. … of sequence, s={s t } t=1,…,T be a vector of semantic tag sequence that we … Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 5 versions

System and method for semantic categorization EK Cave, M Balakrishna, V Mo – EP Patent 1,962,279, 2008 – freepatentsonline.com … Currently, in fixed-grammar directed-dialog systems, semantic categorization is performed using a set of … Each predefined utterance is assigned to a semantic category, and that semantic category is indicated by including a semantic tag with the grammar definition. … Related articles – Cached

Re-ranking models based-on small training data for spoken language understanding [PDF] from unitn.it M Dinarelli, A Moschitti… – Proceedings of the 2009 …, 2009 – dl.acm.org … Spoken Dialog Systems carry out automatic speech recognition and shallow natural language understanding by heavily relying … The STFs sat- isfy the constraint that grammatical rules cannot be broken. … part of the con- cept, thus they increase the number of semantic tags in the … Cited by 10 – Related articles – All 21 versions

Physically Embodied Conversational Agents as Health and Fitness Companions [PDF] from uta.fi M Turunen, J Hakulinen, C Smith… – … Annual Conference of …, 2008 – isca-speech.org … components, which enable the use of Nabaztag rabbits and other similar physical agents in multimodal conversational spoken dialogue systems. … ASR grammars are in “Speech Recognition Grammar Specification” (W3C) format and include semantic tags in “Semantic … Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 6 versions

A statistical segment-based approach for spoken language understanding L Ortega, I Galiano, LF Hurtado… – … Annual Conference of …, 2010 – isca-speech.org … In the last years, there have been many achievements in the development of dialog systems. … to model the understanding process can be seen in [2] and [3]. There are also other statistical approaches based on classifi- cation, transduction and grammatical inference techniques … Cited by 2 – Related articles

Semantic Frame-Based Spoken Language Understanding YY Wang, L Deng… – Spoken Language …, 2011 – Wiley Online Library … major objective is the development of a robust SLU toolkit for dialogue systems, which enhances … The problem is tackled by writing context free (CFG) or unification grammars (UG) by … The manual grammar authoring process is laborious, expensive and requires a lot of expertise. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – All 2 versions

Chinese spoken language understanding with conditional random fields W Zhou, B Yuan, Z Miao, W Zhu… – Signal Processing, 2008. …, 2008 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … The manual grammar authoring process is laborious and expensive, requiring much expertise. … SLU for spoken dialog system, especially the slot-filling problem is solved as a sequential labeling … good performance on the SLU task, there are a lot of semantic tag labeled firstly by … Related articles

[PDF] Interoperability and Knowledge Representation in Distributed Health and Fitness Companion Dialogue System [PDF] from uta.fi J Hakulinen… – 22nd International Conference on …, 2008 – cs.uta.fi … NLU is based on SISR semantic tags (http://www.w3.org/TR/semantic-interpretation/) embedded in … mixture of canned strings and, in the home system, tree ad- joining grammar based generation. … There is great consensus that components of a dialogue system can be split into at … Related articles – View as HTML – All 19 versions

Rapid bootstrapping of statistical spoken dialogue systems R Sarikaya – Speech Communication, 2008 – Elsevier … We believe that minimizing the initial cost of a reasonably performing pilot dialogue system is a crucial … while grammar based methods need the mini-corpus to write and validate the grammar rules. … The mini-corpus has 158 unique semantic tags and 69 unique semantic labels. … Cited by 2 – Related articles – All 3 versions

Re-ranking models for spoken language understanding [PDF] from rug.nl M Dinarelli, A Moschitti… – … of the 12th Conference of the …, 2009 – dl.acm.org … In Spoken Dialog Systems, the Language Under- standing module performs the task of translating a spoken sentence … An SCLM is an n-gram language model built on semantic tags. … can be generated by the application of partial production rules of the grammar, con- sequently … Cited by 12 – Related articles – All 17 versions

[PDF] Experiments on Indian Language Dependency Parsing [PDF] from iiit.ac.in P Kosaraju, SR Kesidi, VBR Ainavolu… – Proceedings of the …, 2010 – ltrc.iiit.ac.in … Language Parsing is useful in major NLP applications like Machine Translation, Dialogue systems, text generation … Grammar driven parsers are rela- tively hard to construct and can be done only by a … to above categories With the annotated data we built a semantic tag- ger using … Cited by 4 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 2 versions

Discriminative training of the hidden vector state model for semantic parsing [PDF] from open.ac.uk D Zhou… – … and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, 2009 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … Based on hand-crafted semantic grammar rules, rule- based approaches fill slots in semantic frames using word pattern and semantic tokens [1], [2]. Such … stack depth, but it does constrain the pushing of at most one new tag (a POStag in this case, not a semantic tag) into the … Cited by 9 – Related articles – All 8 versions

A mobile fitness companion [PDF] from swedish-ict.se O Ståhl, B Gambäck, P Hansen, M Turunen… – 2008 – soda.swedish-ict.se … on a stand-alone, speaker-independent solution, making it fairly unique among mobile spoken dialogue systems, where the … gives a positive answer (eg, “Yes” or “Correct”), the grammar will return the semantic tag CONFIRM, which … The total grammar word count is around 100. … Cited by 9 – Related articles – All 15 versions

Robust location understanding in spoken dialog systems using intersections [PDF] from pitt.edu ML Seltzer, YC Ju, I Tashev… – Eighth Annual Conference …, 2007 – isca-speech.org … the proposed method for intersection recognition, we developed a telephone-based spoken dialog system that tries … This grammar contains the streets in the user’s desired city plus the streets in … These semantic tags are then tokenized and processed by the vector space model. … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 8 versions

The city bus timetable voice service for Košice S Ondas, J Juhar… – Signal Processing Algorithms, …, 2009 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … 2 The Slovak spoken dialogue system … All grammars have been written in XML form of W3C SRGS recommendation [5] with semantic tags according W3C SISR [6 … obtained from Slovak Voice Dialogue Corpus (SVDC) [7]. For building of bus stops/POls grammar was necessary … Cited by 1 – Related articles

Methods and algorithms for automatic text analysis VA Yatsko – Automatic Documentation and Mathematical …, 2011 – Springer … Talent software is used for summarization by semantic tags; this software was developed by … to multiple deviations from the norms of spelling, punc tuation, and grammar. … F., and Haas, J., Experiences with Commercial Telephone Based Dialogue Systems, Information technology …

[PDF] Twit-economics: Dynamic Social Networking using Micro-blogging Technology [PDF] from sijinhe.com S He – 2009 – blog.sijinhe.com … Their method learns a direct mapping from source sentence to semantic tags for a given predicate without the aid of a parser. … Most Spoken Dialog Systems are based on speech grammars and frame/slot semantics. … View as HTML

Ontology directed semantic annotation process S Kuptabut… – Information Sciences and …, 2010 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … The semantic analysis system is developed as a part of the spoken dialog system for Croatia’s … the Stanford Parser [5]. Finally, the semantic tagging module annotates a semantic tag to a … syntactic structure using the Stanford Parser [5] with probability context-free grammar (PCFG … Related articles

FAST SEMANTIC EXTRACTION USING A NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE R Collobert… – US Patent App. 20,080/221,878, 2008 – freepatentsonline.com … December, 2009 – 20090305203 OUTBOUND DIALOGUE SYSTEM AND DIALOGUE … As our system/method outputs a semantic tag for each word of a sentence, we directly … data to create new sentences, or by constructing sentences from scratch using a hand-built grammar. … Cached

Automatic Speech Grammar generation during conceptual modelling of Virtual Environments [PDF] from uhasselt.be L Vanacken, C Raymaekers… – The Visual Computer, 2008 – Springer … During the coding process of the application the coder adds extra semantic tags to the code which … the possibilities we added one grammar rule which could be used in dialog systems: a question … 2. For the structure of the speech grammar we based our- selves on other speech … Cited by 3 – Related articles – All 9 versions

Robust acoustic and semantic modeling in a telephone-based spoken dialog system [PDF] from uni-halle.de KT Mengistu – 2009 – deposit.ddb.de … a grammar component and the semantic interpreter. These are then integrated within the … important as the quality of the other components making up a spoken dialog system. As … normal circumstances and switching to more constrained grammars and dialog strategy … Related articles – Library Search – All 4 versions

Automatic generation of statistical laguage models for interactive voice response applacation M Balakrishna, CK Ellis – EP Patent 1,901,283, 2008 – freepatentsonline.com … is also justified by the fact that CFGs provide predetermined semantic tags and arguments … of the ASR Hidden Markov Model (HMM), increasing accuracy for “in-grammar” utterances as … greatly speeding up the HMM searches, which makes real-time dialog systems practical even … Cached

[PDF] User response strategies to reprompting in a call routing service [PDF] from uu.se N Hagberg – 2010 – stp.ling.uu.se … 23 3.3.4 Extraction from semantic tags of transcribed speech . . … as opposed to an arbitrary semantic cate- gory label, should be the normative prompting strategy.” In a laboratory study on how users interact with a spoken dialogue system with a limited grammar, Tomko and … Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

A Personalized System for Conversational Recommendations [PDF] from arxiv.org MH Goker, P Langley… – Arxiv preprint arXiv:1107.0029, 2011 – arxiv.org … Recognition Grammars Prompts … For both situations, one option is to order attributes randomly, which is a technique used in some simple dialogue systems. … Further, its speech act determines which speech recognition grammar to employ to interpret the user’s next utterance. … Related articles – All 3 versions

Using semantic prototypes for discourse status classification [PDF] from pp.ua S Collovini, L Ribeiro, P Gonçalves, V Muller… – … Processing of the …, 2008 – Springer … in the previous text with at least one identical semantic tag, but with … System PALAVRAS: Automatic Grammatical Analysis of Portuguese in a Constraint Grammar Framework. … 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, Seattle, Washington … Related articles – All 5 versions

[CITATION] Machine-readable Sámi Valency Dictionary L Wiechetek – 2009 Related articles

Extracting protein-protein interactions from MEDLINE using the Hidden Vector State model [PDF] from open.ac.uk D Zhou, Y He… – International Journal of Bioinformatics …, 2008 – Inderscience … She has published in the areas of spoken dialogue systems, bioinformatics, data and text mining … (1) In the HVS-based semantic parser, conventional grammar rules are replaced by three … It can be seen that unlike fully-annotated treebank data, no explicit semantic tag/word pairs … Cited by 8 – Related articles – All 7 versions

Instance-based natural language generation [PDF] from upenn.edu S Varges… – Natural Language Engineering, 2010 – Cambridge Univ Press … We use the syntactic treebank in combination with the additional semantic markup to automatically produce a generation grammar that maps input semantics to surface forms. This is done by taking a set of semantic tags – and optionally tag indices – as input and generating … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 22 versions

Spoken Language Understanding: from Spoken Utterances to Semantic Structures [PDF] from unitn.it M Dinarelli – 2010 – eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it … formation. Spoken sentences many times don’t follow the grammar of a language … task. Spoken dialog systems need sophisticated SLU models in order to im- … were based on semantic grammars, but as the amount of data available for appli- … Cited by 1 – Related articles

How Do the Elderly Talk to a Natural Language Call Routing System? K Kvale… – Ninth Annual Conference of the …, 2008 – isca-speech.org … These open dialog systems prompt the users in an open manner, letting the users describe … out automatic speech recognition and a semantic analysis which assigns so-called semantic tags. … effects [11], and finally the occurrence of old-fashioned expressions, words or grammar. … Related articles

[CITATION] A comparison of two natural language dialogue tutors P de Bie – 2008 Related articles

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SEMANTIC CATEGORIZATION EK Cave, M Balakrishna, V Mo – US Patent App. 11/676,704, 2007 – Google Patents … Semantic categorization is a key component in most dialog systems. … that semantic category is indicated by including a seman- tic tag with the grammar definition … labor intensive and requires significant manual involvement to develop grammars and define semantic tags for each … All 2 versions

Confidence measures for voice search applications [PDF] from pitt.edu YY Wang, D Yu, YC Ju, G Zweig… – … Annual Conference of …, 2007 – isca-speech.org … and the latter measure the confidence of the semantic content (associated with the semantic tags in W3C … 4. Walker, M., et al., Learning to Predict Problematic Situations in a Spoken Dialogue System: Experiments with … N-Gram Based Filler Model for Robust Grammar Authoring. … Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 8 versions

[PDF] Role-plays for CALL: System Architecture and Resources [PDF] from uni-saarland.de S Wilske… – 2008 – coli.uni-saarland.de … Dialogue system for roleplay-like dialogues • Use insights from dialogue systems technology to build an … Implemented as context-free grammar ?Templates with slots for `fillers’ from the domain model … matching semantic tags REQUEST(X) := I would like X{X} please {request} … Related articles – View as HTML – All 2 versions

Spoken language understanding: a survey [PDF] from ist-luna.eu R De Mori – … Recognition & Understanding, 2007. ASRU. IEEE …, 2007 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … its outputs leading to a weighted Finite State Machine (FSM) containing only indicators of beginning and end words of semantic tags. … 5. STOCHASTIC GRAMMARS FOR INTERPRETATION The rules of a grammar assert the truth of a non terminal symbol given the truth of other … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 15 versions

[PDF] Corpus Linguistics and Language Learning [PDF] from leeds.ac.uk ES Atwell – 2008 – comp.leeds.ac.uk … Likelihood statistical modelling of English grammar. We investigated another … best practice in spoken dialogue systems engineering introduced the concept of … The bundle of semantic primitives is in effect a semantic tag. The meaning association … Related articles – View as HTML – All 2 versions

Understanding spoken location information based on intersections ML Seltzer, Y Ju… – US Patent App. 20,090/ …, 2007 – freepatentsonline.com … By mapping the various pronunciations to a semantic identity (or semantic tag) the recognition can be … 5. Next, the speech recognition system 300 (or the dialog system) loads the street grammar … on the city information received from the user) into the intersection grammar 143 . … Cached

[PDF] Hierarchical Semantic Tagger for Robust Spoken Language Understanding [PDF] from uni-magdeburg.de M Hannemann… – 2009 – iesk.uni-magdeburg.de … a wide range of possible inputs, and therefore loose the advantage of restricted recognition grammars. … Frame based dialog systems are a way to implement a (restricted) mixed initiative, where … called frame or template, a more flexible and extensive recognition grammar, and an … Related articles – View as HTML – All 4 versions

[PDF] Semantics in Speech Recognition and Understanding: A Survey [PDF] from psu.edu GC Demetriou… – COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS FOR …, 2007 – Citeseer … coding and expanding the grammar for a new application, another limitation of a semantic grammar is the … It is therefore difficult to apply them to general information dialogue systems. … w1, w2,…,wl corresponds to words and for every wi there is an associated semantic tag si, then … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

Discriminative Reranking for Spoken Language Understanding [PDF] from unitn.it M Dinarelli, A Moschitti… – 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … These are instantiated by word sequences and are often referred to as concepts, attributes or semantic tags. … The STFs satisfy the constraint that grammatical rules cannot be broken … can be generated by the application of partial production rules of the grammar, consequently [VP …

[PDF] The Intermediary Agent’s Brain: Supporting Learning to Collaborate at the Inter-Personal Level (Short Paper) [PDF] from psu.edu J Martínez-Miranda, B Jung, S Payr… – 2008 – Citeseer … Dynamic grammar generation also takes place in certain situations. … The integration between the Planner and the dialogue system is based on a mapping between the dialogue lexicon semantics and … (:semantic-tags (:exercise-high :time-high :walking-travel :weather-dependent … Related articles – View as HTML – All 8 versions

Spoken Dialog System and Method T Yano – US Patent App. 11/857,028, 2007 – Google Patents … 21, 2008 (54) SPOKEN DIALOG SYSTEM AND METHOD (75) Inventor: Takehide Yano, Yokohama-shi (JP) Correspondence Address: Charles NJ Ruggiero Ohlandt, Greeley, Ruggiero & Perle, LLP 10th Floor, One Landmark Square Stamford, CT 06901-2682 (73) Assignee … All 2 versions

Compact Easily Parseable Binary Format for a Context-Free Grammar PH Schmid… – US Patent App. 20,080/046,242, 2007 – freepatentsonline.com … 20040122674, Context-sensitive interface widgets for multi-modal dialog systems, June, 2004, Bangalore et al. … amount of memory, each description adds to the size of the binary grammar. … the transition’s position in the structure and the actual word or semantic tag associated with … Cached

[PDF] Third International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing [PDF] from mercubuana.ac.id L Host – 2008 – pascasarjana.mercubuana.ac.id … at annotat- ing the data with parts-of-speech, syntactic, and semantic tags. … Prototyping of Robust Language Understanding Modules for Spoken Dialogue Systems Yuichiro Fukubayashi … Fast Computing Grammar-driven Convolution Tree Kernel for Semantic Role Labeling … View as HTML – All 9 versions

Toward Widely-Available and Usable Multimodal Conversational Interfaces [PDF] from mit.edu S Seneff, A Gruenstein – 2009 – dspace.mit.edu … five years was meeting other young researchers in the field at the Young Researchers Roundtable on Spoken Dialogue Systems. … 5.1.2 Probabilistic context-free grammars . . … 47 3-4 Sample JSGF grammar snippet for a WAMI application that makes use of a lightweight semantic … Related articles – All 3 versions

[BOOK] Programming Language Techniques for Natural Language Applications [PDF] from gu.se B Bringert – 2008 – gupea.ub.gu.se … high- level programming languages take away some of the control that the assembly language programmer has, generating system components from grammars places some … This section gives a short introduction to GF, with a small example grammar for a dialogue system. … Cited by 2 – Related articles – Library Search – All 14 versions

Distributed semantic schema H Hon… – EP Patent 1,557,752, 2007 – freepatentsonline.com … 9 to 13, 2001, pages 284 to 287, XP010603732 , relates to a multimodal dialog system describing how … In one particular example, a grammar can be used to recognize text within a … The input can be associated with semantic tags (ie serialized) into a format corresponding to a … Related articles – Cached

Gesture modeling and animation based on a probabilistic re-creation of speaker style M Neff, M Kipp, I Albrecht… – ACM Transactions on Graphics ( …, 2008 – dl.acm.org … Stone et al. [2004] also use a data-driven approach to re-create a specific person’s gesturing style. They re-arrange pre-recorded chunks of audio and motion captured pieces of full-body move- ment. Possible sentences are defined by a simple grammar. … Cited by 73 – Related articles – BL Direct – All 3 versions

[PDF] A Hybrid Tree Framework for Semantic Parsing and Natural Language Generation [PDF] from nus.edu.sg L Wei – 2009 – wing.comp.nus.edu.sg … applications [ABD+01]. Some other possible applications of NLG systems include indicative summarization [KMK01] and spoken dialogue systems [OR00]. 1.3 Thesis Contributions … grammar. The system takes in pairs of natural language sentences and mean- … Related articles – View as HTML – All 4 versions

Multimodal agent interfaces and system architectures for health and fitness companions [PDF] from sics.se M Turunen, J Hakulinen, O Ståhl, B Gambäck… – 2008 – eprints.sics.se … a ge- neric agent-based architecture designed for adaptive spoken dialogue systems [9]. In … are in “Speech Recognition Gram- mar Specification” (W3C) format and include semantic tags in “Semantic … for effi- ciency or compiled at run time when dynamic grammar gen- eration … Cited by 4 – Related articles – All 5 versions

[PDF] Parsimonious data-oriented parsing [PDF] from upenn.edu W Zuidema – Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on …, 2007 – acl.ldc.upenn.edu … DOP relaxes the independence assumption by changing the class of probabilistic grammars in- duced in … Table 1: Results on the Dutch OVIS tree bank, with semantic tags and punctuation removed. … The trainset for both the treebank grammar and the pnp program consists of the … Cited by 14 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 27 versions

[PDF] Automatic Factual Question Generation from Text [PDF] from cmu.edu M Heilman – 2011 – lti.cs.cmu.edu … input and, with NLP technologies, highlights specific grammatical constructions and automatically creates grammar practice exercises. Also, Heilman et al. … For example, tutorial dialogue systems (Litman and Silliman, 2004; Graesser et al., 2005; Boyer … Cited by 2 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

Confidence measure generation for speech related searching YY Wang, YC Ju… – US Patent App. 11/888,928, 2007 – Google Patents … department store which is “ACME and Company.” For these and other reasons, employing a confidence measure in a spoken dialog system employing voice … In one embodiment, the semantic content is labeled with semantic tags in a standardized grammar format, although …

Confidence measure generation for speech related searching Y Wang, Y Ju… – US Patent App. 20,090/037,175, 2007 – freepatentsonline.com … department store which is “ACME and Company.” For these and other reasons, employing a confidence measure in a spoken dialog system employing voice … In one embodiment, the semantic content is labeled with semantic tags in a standardized grammar format, although … Cached

[PDF] Applying computational semantics to the real-time communication of skill knowledge [PDF] from vtt.fi S Fox, P Ehlen, M Purver, E Bratt, M Frampton… – 2008 – vtt.fi … Figure 22. Potential methods/tools used in associating semantic representations. ….52 Figure 23. Generic overview of spoken dialogue systems for music selection…..56 Figure 24. Common phases in computational semantics applications. ….57 Figure 25. … Cited by 1 – Related articles – View as HTML – All 6 versions

Intelligent Processing of an Unrestricted Text in First Order String Calculus A Gleibman – Transactions on Computational Science V, 2009 – Springer … phenomena are based on abstruse explicit formalisms, which include formal grammars, first order … predicates, graph-based representations of semantics, large thesauri with semantic tags etc. … and the approach based on FOPC combined with a formal grammar formalism (see all … Related articles – All 3 versions

[BOOK] Handbook of natural language processing and machine translation: DARPA global autonomous language exploitation J Olive – 2011 – books.google.com … was aimed. For dictation, WER above 10 percent is not acceptable, but for a dialogue system, a much higher rate can be tolerated as long as the system can enable a user to complete a specific task successfully. Initial studies … Cited by 3 – Related articles – Library Search – All 4 versions

[PDF] An error detection and correction framework to improve large vocabulary continuous speech recognition [PDF] from cuhk.edu.hk Z ZHOU – 2009 – se.cuhk.edu.hk … 139 9.3.4 Incorporation in Spoken Dialogue Systems….. 140 … signals was proposed in 1958 [27]. The usage of grammar probabilities and distinctive linguistic features, such as voiced/unvoiced [33] and turbulent/non-turbulent [135], in recognition was … Cited by 1 – Related articles

[PDF] The Virtual Language Teacher [PDF] from diva-portal.org P WIK – 2011 – diva-portal.org … Then follows an introduction to DEAL, a game based spoken dialogue system for CALL, exploring the CLT teaching methodology, with focus on communicative … We often do not think of which words to use or which grammatical constructs to apply, much less how to shape the … Related articles – View as HTML – All 3 versions

[PDF] Event-Based Modelling in Quesion Answering [PDF] from uni-saarland.de M Wiegand – 2007 – coli.uni-saarland.de … The generation of an answer (sentence) is particularly more appropriate in case of a dialogue system since the answer (sentence) can be tailored … 1According to (Linguistics in SIL, nd) aspect is a grammatical category associated with verbs that expresses a temporal view of the … Cited by 2 – View as HTML

Apparatus and Method for Expanding/Compressing Audio Signal O Nakamura, M Abe… – US Patent App. 20,080/ …, 2007 – freepatentsonline.com … Program Yamamoto – July, 2008 – 20080177542 Error prediction in spoken dialog systems Hakkani-tur et … November, 2005 – 20050261901 Mapping of semantic tags to phases … generation Martin – March, 2008 – 20080059149 Creating a Mixed-Initiative Grammar from Directed … Cached