Lexical Chain & Dialog Systems

Notes:

Lexical chains are sequences of words that are related to each other through their meanings. In natural language processing, lexical chains are often used to represent the semantic relationships between words, and can be useful for tasks such as text summarization, information extraction, and dialogue generation.

In the context of dialog systems, lexical chains can be useful for improving the coherence and fluency of the system’s responses. By using lexical chains to represent the semantic relationships between words, the system can generate responses that are more cohesive and coherent, and that flow more naturally from one sentence to the next. For example, if the user asks a question about a particular topic, the system can use lexical chains to generate a response that maintains a consistent focus on that topic, and that uses words and phrases that are semantically related to the topic.

Automatic story generation is the process of using computer algorithms and techniques to generate natural language text that tells a coherent and engaging story. This is typically accomplished using a combination of natural language processing (NLP) algorithms, machine learning models, and pre-defined rules and templates.

Lexical chains are often used in automatic story generation to improve the coherence and fluency of the generated stories. By representing the semantic relationships between words, lexical chains can help the system to generate stories that maintain a consistent focus, and that use words and phrases that are semantically related to the main ideas and themes of the story. For example, if the system is generating a story about a particular character, it can use lexical chains to generate sentences and paragraphs that are centered on that character and that use words and phrases that are related to that character’s personality, actions, and motivations.

Wikipedia:

Lexical chain

References:

Multi-topical Discussion Summarization Using Structured Lexical Chains and Cue Words (2011)

Cohesion and Learning in a Tutorial Spoken Dialog System. A Ward, DJ Litman – FLAIRS Conference, 2006 – aaai.org Page 1. Cohesion and Learning in a Tutorial Spoken Dialog System? … Morris and Hirst (1991) measure cohesion in text using lexical chains of words with related thesaurus entries. This measure of cohesion is used to segment the text by inten- tional structure. … Cited by 16 Related articles All 9 versions

Hierarchical reinforcement learning for adaptive text generation N Dethlefs, H Cuayáhuitl – Proceedings of the 6th International Natural …, 2010 – dl.acm.org … Our experiments are all drawn from an indoor navigation dialogue system which provides users with route instructions in a university building and is … This analysis was based on (Hirst and St-Onge, 1998) who retrieve lexical chains from texts by identifying a number of relations … Cited by 21 Related articles All 13 versions

Automated question answering: Review of the main approaches A Andrenucci, E Sneiders – null, 2005 – computer.org … They worked as NL front-end to databases [48], dialogue systems [47] or story comprehension systems [21]. … The world model is provided both by WordNet ontologies [26] and lexical chains [29], ie groups of semantically related words that link together two concepts. … Cited by 66 Related articles All 10 versions

Two uses of anaphora resolution in summarization J Steinberger, M Poesio, MA Kabadjov… – Information Processing & …, 2007 – Elsevier We propose a new method for using anaphoric information in Latent Semantic Analysis (lsa), and discuss its application to develop an lsa-based summarizer which. Cited by 110 Related articles All 11 versions

Automatic creation and tuning of context free grammars for interactive voice response systems M Balakrishna, D Moldovan… – … Language Processing and …, 2005 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … Due to the high deployment demand for directed dialog systems in a wide variety of domains and the lack of any … A multiple loop feedback mechanism between the semantic categorizer and reranking module using lexical chain strength measurements not only improves the … Cited by 9 Related articles All 4 versions

Building a discourse-annotated Dutch text corpus N Van Der Vliet, I Berzlánovich, G Bouma… – Bochumer …, 2011 – linguistics.rub.de … Regina Barzilay and Michael Elhadad. Using lexical chains for text summarization. … MMAX: A tool for the annotation of multi-modal corpora. In Proceedings of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, pages 45–50, 2001. … Cited by 19 Related articles All 14 versions

Automatic induction of dialogue structure from the companions dialogue corpus D Field, S Worgan, N Webb, M Hepple… – Proc. of Fourth International …, 2008 – Citeseer … In Proc. DARPA Broadcasting News Workshop, pp. 194–218. [2] R. Barzilay and M. Elhadad. Using lexical chains for text summariza- tion, 1999. … [11] O. Lemon, A. Bracey, A. Gruenstein, and S. Peters. The WITAS multi- modal dialogue system, 2003. In Proc. Eurospeech 2003. … Cited by 7 Related articles All 3 versions

Natural language question generation using syntax and keywords S Kalady, A Elikkottil, R Das – … of QG2010: The Third Workshop on …, 2010 – oro.open.ac.uk … 1 Introduction The automatic generation of questions is an important research area potentially useful in intelligent tutoring systems, dialogue systems, educational technologies [10 … We plan to add modeling of lexical chains, to be able to track the importance of Up- Keys. … Cited by 29 Related articles All 8 versions

[BOOK] Semantic relatedness measure using object properties in an ontology L Mazuel, N Sabouret – 2008 – Springer … 381–387. IEEE, Los Alamitos (2007) 8. Hirst, G., St-Onge, D.: Lexical chains as representation of context for the detection and cor- rection malapropisms. … of the ECAI 2004, Valencia, pp. 705–709 (2004) 10. Milward, D., Beveridge, M.: Ontology-based dialogue systems. In: Proc. … Cited by 30 Related articles All 9 versions

Topic segmentation M Purver – … : systems for extracting semantic information from …, 2011 – researchgate.net … While two-person dialogue systems have been the subject of a huge amount of research (not to mention commercial interest), the … Here, the similarity metric uses the presence of lexical chains (Morris and Hirst 1991) – implemented here as simple term repetitions – rather than … Cited by 28 Related articles All 7 versions

Slate–a tool for creating and maintaining annotated corpora D Kaplan, R Iida, K Nishina, T Tokunaga – Journal for Lanuage …, 2012 – Citeseer … Some more recent examples of project-specific tools include a Korean treebank Park et al.(2006), lexical chains Stührenberg et al.(2007), image annotation Russell et al … of the 2nd ?CAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, pages 45–50. … Cited by 15 Related articles All 6 versions

Comparing Word Relatedness Measures Based on Google n-grams A Islam, E Milios, V Kešelj – 2012 – Citeseer … 2002), predicting user click behavior (Kaur and Hornof, 2005), building language models and natural spoken dialogue systems (=-=Fosler-Lussier … 7, WordNet: An electronic lexical database, chapter Lexical chains as representations of context for the detection and correction of … Cited by 11 Related articles

Using a Probabilistic Model of Context to Detect Word Obfuscation. S Jabbari, B Allison, L Guthrie – LREC, 2008 – repository.dlsi.ua.es … In lan- guage generation for dialog systems, in order to create a natural dialogue, a paraphrase generator with a good model of context can be used to … A similar approach is that of lexical chains: if a word can be linked to the chain defined by its context, then it contributes to the … Cited by 7 Related articles All 7 versions

Task-based evaluation of anaphora resolution: The case of summarization MA Kabadjov, M Poesio, J Steinberger – RANLP Workshop” Crossing …, 2005 – kiv.zcu.cz … 1997. Using lexical chains for text summarization. In Proceedings of the ACL97/EACL97 Workshop on Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization. … In Proceedings of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems. Seattle. … Cited by 12 Related articles All 10 versions

Efficient grammar generation and tuning for interactive voice response applications EK Cave, M Balakrishna… – Acoustics, Speech and …, 2006 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … Due to the high deployment demand for directed dialog systems in a Fig. … S): “I’d like/VB to speak/VB to a live/JJ person/NN of these” 4. Target Semantic Tag (TST): “Customer Service” 5. Target Grammar Entry (TGE): “Human/JJ/#2 Operator /NN/#2” 6. Best 2 Lexical Chains of 8 … Cited by 4 Related articles All 2 versions

Slat 2.0: Corpus construction and annotation process management D Kaplan, R Iida, T Tokunaga – Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of …, 2010 – anlp.jp … 2001. MMAX: A tool for the annotation of multi-modal corpora. In Proc. of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reason- ing in Practical Dialogue Systems, pages 45–50. … 2007. Web-based anno- tation of anaphoric relations and lexical chains. In Proc. … Cited by 4 Related articles All 7 versions

Annotation Process Management Revisited. D Kaplan, R Iida, T Tokunaga – LREC, 2010 – lexitron.nectec.or.th … 2001. MMAX: A tool for the annotation of multi-modal corpora. In Proc. of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reason- ing in Practical Dialogue Systems, pages 45–50. … 2007. Web-based anno- tation of anaphoric relations and lexical chains. In Proc. … Cited by 5 Related articles All 6 versions

Semantic relatedness in semantic networks. L Mazuel, N Sabouret – ECAI, 2008 – ebooks.iospress.nl … [2] K. Eliasson, ‘Case-Based Techniques Used for Dialogue Understand- ing and Planning in a Human-Robot Dialogue System’, in Proc. of IJ- CAI07, pp. … Workshop on Web Service Semantics, (2005). [5] G. Hirst and D. St-Onge, ‘Lexical chains as representation of context for … Cited by 2 Related articles All 7 versions

Multi-Layer Discourse Annotation of a Dutch Text Corpus G Redeker, I Berzlánovich, N Van Der Vliet, G Bouma… – age, 2012 – urd.let.rug.nl … 9. References Barzilay, R., Elhadad, M. (1997). Using lexical chains for text summarization. … In Proceedings of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, Seattle, Wash., 5 August 2001, pages 45-50. O’Donnell, M. (1997). … Cited by 2 Related articles All 12 versions

RACAI’s QA System at the Romanian–Romanian QA @CLEF2008 Main Task R Ion, D ?tef?nescu, A Ceau?u, D Tufi? – Evaluating Systems for …, 2009 – Springer … getting the information he/she is look- ing for, in spite of the advertized understanding abilities of an artificial dialog system, the human … Our answer extraction module relies on the question analysis and on the lexical chains algorithm and operates on the snippets provided by the … Cited by 1 Related articles All 7 versions

Human Language Technology Z Vetulani – 2011 – Springer … The next two papers cover various aspects of a man–machine dialogue system (POLINT- 112-SMS) designed to understand short messages (SMS) in … 423 Elzbieta Hajnicz Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation with Lexical Chains and Graph-Based Context Formalization … Cited by 1 Related articles All 4 versions

Help yourself: a virtual self-assist system S Mukherjee, S Joshi – Proceedings of the companion publication of the …, 2014 – dl.acm.org … This graph is used to create a dialogue system that guides the user interactively in attaining his objective, keeping track of the user progress … 5. Lexical Chain – A lexical chain [3] is a sequence of related words in the text, spanning short (adjacent words or sen- tences) or long … Related articles All 9 versions

Unnecessary utterance detection for avoiding digressions in discussion R Yoshida, T Hiraoka, G Neubig, S Sakti… – Asia-Pacific Signal …, 2014 – ieeexplore.ieee.org … If, for example, a dialogue system could help us avoid digressions and keep the conversation on track, the discussion could proceed more efficiently. … 2) Topic tracking based on lexical chains: This method tracks the topic shift based on lexical chains between utter- ances. … Related articles All 5 versions

Foundations of Speech and Language Technology: Discourse and Dialogue I Kruijff-Korbayová – Citeseer … Cohesion • Cohesive devices: linguistic means that make a discourse stick together – anaphoric expressions, discourse connectives, lexical chains … … Information extraction (topic segmentation) – Summarization – Machine translation – Dialogue systems: (1) U: Do any …

Note from the editor:“Rethinking natural language processing for speech technology” A Neustein – International Journal of Speech Technology, 2008 – Springer … of spoken meeting transcripts by combining semantically com- plex lexical relations with conversational cue phrases to build lexical chains in determining … of a text; and (10) Rethinking human-human dialog as a precondition for the design of user-friendly spoken dialog systems. … All 6 versions

Help Yourself: A Virtual Self-Assist Agent S Mukherjee, S Joshi – researchgate.net … This graph is used to create a dialogue system that guides the user interactively in attaining his objective, keeping track of the user progress … 5. Lexical Chain – A lexical chain [3] is a sequence of related words in the text, spanning short (adjacent words or sen- tences) or long … Related articles

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Computational Discourse Analysis M Dascalu – Analyzing Discourse and Text Complexity for Learning …, 2014 – Springer … 2010); 3/ lexically or semantically related words obtained from semantic distances in ontologies (Budanitsky and Hirst 2006) (see 4.3.1 Semantic Distances and Lexical Chains), cosine similarity in vector spaces from Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer et al. … Related articles

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Morphology-Syntax Interface for Turkish LFG Özlem Çetinoglu and Kemal Oflazer … 153 PCFGs with Syntactic and Prosodic … M Lease, Y Liu, B Roark, M Snover, R Stewart, T Ohno… – research.google.com … 257 Learning to Generate Naturalistic Utterances Using Reviews in Spoken Dialogue Systems Ryuichiro Higashinaka, Rashmi Prasad and Marilyn A. Walker . . . … 889 Question Answering with Lexical Chains Propagating Verb Arguments Adrian Novischi and Dan Moldovan . . … All 7 versions

Statistical NLP PS Parsing – 2007 – cs.berkeley.edu … A Brief (Academic) History ? Question answering is not a new research area ? Question answering systems can be found in many areas of NLP research, including: ? Natural language database systems ? A lot of early NLP work on these ? Spoken dialog systems ? Currently very … All 6 versions

Statistical NLP DKUC Berkeley – 2007 – Citeseer … Question answering systems can be found in many areas of NLP research, including: ? Natural language database systems ? A lot of early NLP work on these ? Spoken dialog systems ? Currently very active and commercially relevant ? The focus on open-domain QA is new … All 5 versions

RACAI’s QA System at the Romanian-Romanian QA @CLEF2008 Main Task IC Peters, T Deselaers, N Ferro, J Gonzalo, GJF Jones… – racai.ro … in getting the information he/she is looking for, in spite of the advertized understanding abilities of an artificial dialog system, the human … Our answer extraction module relies on the question analysis and on the lexical chains algorithm and operates on the snippets provided by … Related articles All 2 versions

People want to ask questions… M Hearst, M Surdeanu, M Pasca – stanford.edu … sense question answering is not a new research area ? Question answering systems can be found in many areas of NLP research, including: ? Natural language database systems ? A lot of early NLP work on these (eg, LUNAR) ? Spoken dialog systems ? Currently very … Related articles All 3 versions

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Open-domain Interaction and Online Content in the Sami Language K Jokinen – Proceedings of the Language Resources and …, 2014 – lrec-conf.org … 3. Nao WikiTalk The Nao WikiTalk is an automatic dialogue system with which users can interact and talk about interesting topics, as … For instance, by annotating lexical chains and topic maps in comparable corpora, it is possible to retrieve similar discussions in other languages … Cited by 2 Related articles

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The Eras and Trends of Automatic Short Answer Grading S Burrows, I Gurevych, B Stein – International Journal of Artificial …, 2015 – Springer … Aleven, V., Ogan, A., Popescu, O., Torrey, C., Koedinger, K. (2004). Evaluating the effectiveness of a tutorial dialogue system for self-explanation. … Hirst, G., & St-Onge, D. (1998). Lexical chains as representations of contexts for the detection and correction of malapropisms. … Cited by 5 Related articles All 4 versions

Coreference Applications to Summarization J Steinberger, M Kabadjov, M Poesio – cswww.essex.ac.uk Page 1. Chapter 15 Coreference Applications to Summarization Josef Steinberger, Mijail Kabadjov, and Massimo Poesio Abstract In this chapter we discuss the connection between anaphora/coreference resolution and summarization. …

Dependency Analysis and CBR to Bridge the Generation Gap in Template-Based NLG V Francisco, R Hervás, P Gervás – Computational Linguistics and …, 2007 – Springer … Such complex structures may require the introduction of lexical chains that are employed exclusively for a specific referent or verb in some context. … McRoy, S., Channarukul, S., Ali, S.: A Natural Language Generation Component for Dialog Systems. … Cited by 3 Related articles All 7 versions

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Better Surface Realization through Psycholinguistics R Rajkumar, M White – Language and Linguistics Compass, 2014 – Wiley Online Library … 2013), thereby making them more suitable for integration into real-time incremental dialog systems (Schlangen and Skantze 2011; Dethlefs et al. … the efficacy of a wider variety of sentence-internal correlates of discourse factors – in particular, lexical chains and coreference – as … Cited by 3 Related articles

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Text summarization within the LSA framework J Steinberger – 2007 – textmining.zcu.cz … Cohesive prop- erties of the text have been explored by different summarization approaches. In [2] a method called Lexical chains was introduced. It uses the Word- Net database for determining cohesive relations (ie, repetition, synonymy, … Cited by 14 Related articles All 5 versions

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Learning the semantics of Wikipedia hyperlinks D Bauer – Bachelor thesis. University of Osnabrück, …, 2007 – cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de … But many language technology appli- cations could profit from a domain independent knowledge base as a source of world knowledge (eg dialog systems and question answering systems, but also text generation, summarization and machine translation). … Cited by 2 Related articles All 20 versions

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Computing point-of-view: modeling and simulating judgments of taste XH Liu – 2006 – dspace.mit.edu Page 1. Computing Point-of-View: Modeling and Simulating Judgments of Taste Xinyu Hugo Liu Sc.B, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2001) M.Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2002) Submitted to the Program … Cited by 2 Related articles All 8 versions

Language Modeling Approaches to Question Answering P Banerjee – 2009 – idea.library.drexel.edu Page 1. Language Modeling Approaches to Question Answering A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Protima Banerjee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2009 Page 2. … Cited by 1 Related articles All 3 versions

Semantic analysis and organization of spoken documents based on parameters derived from latent topics SY Kong, LS Lee – Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, …, 2011 – ieeexplore.ieee.org Page 1. Copyright (c) 2010 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, Permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org. This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. … Cited by 19 Related articles All 4 versions

User-sensitive text summarization: Application to the medical domain N Elhadad – 2006 – cs.columbia.edu Page 1. User-Sensitive Text Summarization: Application to the Medical Domain Noemie Elhadad Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2006 Page 2. c 2006 … Cited by 19 Related articles All 6 versions

Towards Large Scale Summarization JM Christensen – 2015 – digital.lib.washington.edu … (1994) and Marcu (1998) summarized the document by first identifying the rhetorical structure of the document. Barzilay and Elhadad (1997) and Silber and McCoy (2000) used lexical chains (a chain of related words in a document) to identify summary sentences. Page 27. 13 … Related articles All 2 versions

Novel Methods for Text Preprocessing and Classification T Gasanova – 2015 – vts.uni-ulm.de … 87 2.17 Co-Operation of Biology Related Algorithms (COBRA) . . . . 89 3.1 Overview of Spoken Dialogue Systems . . . . . 105 4.1 Common diagramm of text preprocessing and text classification . . . . . …