Brain-Computer Interface Meta Guide

Notes:

Non-invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) technology refers to methods of measuring and interpreting neural activity that do not involve inserting electrodes directly into the brain. Instead, non-invasive BCI techniques typically use external sensors to detect neural activity on the scalp, such as electroencephalography (EEG) or near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). These sensors can then be used to interpret the brain’s electrical or metabolic activity in order to control external devices, such as a computer cursor or a robotic arm.

Some examples of non-invasive BCI technology include:

EEG-based BCI: Uses electrodes placed on the scalp to detect electrical activity in the brain.
NIRS-based BCI: Uses light sensors placed on the scalp to detect changes in blood oxygenation levels in the brain.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based BCI: uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and detect changes in blood flow associated with neural activity.

Non-invasive BCI technology is less invasive than invasive BCI methods, which involves implantation of electrodes directly into the brain, and thus has less risk of complications, and it’s more accessible. It’s also less expensive, and can be used for research and in some cases for clinical uses.

There are companies that develop non-invasive BCI technology, such as:

Emotiv: Develops EEG-based brain-computer interface technology for consumer and research applications
Neurable: Develops non-invasive, EEG-based BCI technology for virtual reality and gaming applications
InteraXon: Develops non-invasive, EEG-based BCI technology for consumer and enterprise applications
BrainCo: Develops non-invasive, EEG-based BCI technology for education and rehabilitation applications
OpenBCI: Develops open-source, EEG-based BCI technology for research and education

Invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) technology refers to methods of measuring and interpreting neural activity that involve inserting electrodes directly into the brain. This type of BCI requires a surgical procedure to implant the electrodes into the brain, typically into the cerebral cortex or the thalamus. The electrodes are then used to record electrical activity in the brain and transmit the signals to external devices, such as a computer or neuroprosthetic device.

The main advantage of invasive BCI technology is that the electrodes are able to detect neural activity with a higher spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio than non-invasive methods, as electrodes are placed directly on or within the brain tissue. This can enable more precise control of external devices and improve the performance of neuroprosthetic devices.

However, invasive BCI technology carries certain risks, including infection, bleeding, and brain damage. It also requires a surgical procedure and the implantation site may cause discomfort or pain. Invasive BCI technology is usually used in clinical settings, such as for individuals with paralysis or other neurological disorders that are not responding to non-invasive treatments.

There are several companies that develop invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, which involves implanting electrodes directly into the brain. Some examples include:

Neuralink: Develops implantable brain-machine interfaces for a variety of applications, including communication with devices and neuroprosthetics
Medtronic: Develops implantable neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and chronic pain
Blackrock Microsystems: Develops implantable microelectrode arrays for recording and stimulating neural activity in the brain
Boston Scientific: Develops implantable neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and chronic pain
Cyberkinetics: Develops implantable neuroprosthetic devices for individuals with paralysis or other neurological disorders.

The references below discuss the use of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology in combination with virtual reality (VR) for various training programs and rehabilitation purposes. The study proposed a hybrid system that combines BCI and VR, providing various training programs including action observation, hand function improvement, and gait adaptation. It also explores the usability of combining BCI, functional electrical stimulation and VR for improving hand function in spinal cord injured patients. The text also mentions the use of VR lens and cellular equipment for video observation, and the potential integration of BCI and VR technologies. Additionally, it highlights the potential of BCI-VR system in enhancing navigation, emotional expression and sense of agency in virtual reality, and also mentions the use of BCI for neuro-rehabilitation with deep learning classification and VR feedback.

Resources:

bciwiki.org .. information about brain-computer interfaces
clearpointneuro.com .. stereotactic navigation and delivery to the brain
snapchat/nextmind .. non-invasive brain computer interface
neurosky.com .. insightful biometrics in mobile and wearable devices
synchron.com .. endovascular brain computer interface

Wikipedia:

References:

7 brain-computer interface companies you need to know (24 Aug 2022)